Chapter- 2 Is Matter Around Us Pure ?

★ Pure substance is a single form of matter, which consists of a single type of particles.
In other words, a substance whose all the constituent particles are of the same chemical nature
is known as pure substance. For example, if a scientist says that something is pure, it means
that all the constituent particles of that substance are the same in their chemical nature.

Types of Pure Substances: On the basis of their chemical composition, substances can be
classified either as Elements or Compounds.
(i) Elements: Robert Boyle was the first scientist to use the term element in 1661. Antoine
Laurent Lavoisier (1743-94), a French chemist, he defined an element as a basic form of
matter that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical reactions.

(ii) Compounds: The compound is another category of pure substances made up of two or
more elements combined chemically in a definite/fixed ratio, e.g., Carbon dioxide (CO2),
Carbon monoxide (CO), Water (H2O), Salt (NaCl), Sugar (C12H22O11), Glucose (C6H12O6) etc.
Characteristics:
• The properties of compound differ from those of its constituents.
• Compound has fixed melting point and boiling point.
• Compound is a homogeneous substance.
• Constituent elements can be separated only by chemical process.

vDifference between Element & Compounds:

SN Element
1 Elements are the basic form of matter
that cannot be broken down into simpler
substances by chemical reactions.
2 Examples: Copper, Iron, Oxygen,
Nitrogen etc.
Compound
A compound is made of two or more
different types of elements, chemically
combined in a fixed ratio. Compounds can
be broken down into it’s elements by
chemical or electrochemical reactions.
Examples: Water, Methane, Sugar, Salt
etc.
★ Impure substances or Mixtures: It is made up of two or more elements or compounds
mixed in any composition/ ratio/proportion.
Properties:
• It may be Homogeneous or Heterogeneous but the properties of constituents are retained.
• No new compound is formed.
• Constituents of mixtures (elements or compounds), can easily be separated by simple
physical processes.
• It does not have a fixed melting and boiling point.

vDifference between Compounds and Mixtures:

SN Compounds Mixtures
1 Elements react to form new substances called Elements & compounds just mix
compounds. together & form a mixture but no new
substance (compound) is formed.
2 A compound has elements combined in a A mixture has a variable composition.
fixed/definite proportion (composition).
3 The new substance has totally different A mixture shows the properties of the
properties. constituent substances.
4 The constituents can’t be separated by physical The constituents can be separated fairly
methods. It can only be separated by chemical easily by physical methods.
or electrochemical methods.
Classification of Elements- All elements are broadly classified into four categories:
(i) Metals (ii) Non-metals (iii) Metalloids (iv) Noble elements.

★Metals- In general metals are usually solids at room temperature except mercury (Hg, liquid).
• Have a lustrous or shiny look except sodium and potassium.
• Are good conductors of heat and electricity.
• Have high melting & boiling points except sodium, potassium, mercury, gallium & ceasium.
• Have a high density, are heavy for their size except sodium and potassium.
• Are highly malleable and ductile, i.e. can be hammered into sheets & drawn into thin wires
except zinc, arsenic, antimony and mercury which are neither malleable nor ductile.
• Are sonorous, i.e. make a bell-like ringing sound when struck.

★Non-metals- Most of the non-metals are gases, e.g., Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Fluorine,
and Chlorine. Some are solids, e.g. Iodine, Sulphur & Phosphorous, while Bromine is the only
non-metal which occur as liquid under normal conditions i.e. highly volatile in nature.
• Are non-lustrous, have a dull appearance except Graphite (carbon) & Iodine.
• Are poor conductors of heat except Diamond (carbon) & electricity except Graphite (carbon).
• Are non- malleable and non-ductile, brittle solids.
• May be solids, liquids or gases at room temperature
• Are non- sonorous, i.e. do not make a bell-like sound when struck.

★Metalloids- are those elements, which behave like both metals and non-metals, e.g. Boron
(B), Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge), Arsenic (As) & Antimony (Sb).

★Noble elements- are the elements, which do not reacts with any of the elements, e.g., Helium
(He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar), Krypton (Kr), Xenon (Xe) & Radon (Rn). Radon is radioactive.
vDifferences between Physical Properties of Metals & Non-metals:
SN Metals
1 Metals are malleable except Zinc,
Arsenic, Antimony and Mercury.
2 Metals are ductile except Zinc, Arsenic,
Antimony and Mercury.
3 Metals are good conductors of heat
except Bismuth and Lead. Stainless steel
is also poor conductor of heat.
4 Metals are good conductors of electricity
except Tungsten & Bismuth.
5 Metals are Lustrous and can be used for
polishing except Sodium and Potassium.
6 Metals are solid at room temperature
except Mercury, which is liquid.
7 The melting & boiling points of metals
are generally high except Sodium,
Potassium, Mercury, Gallium & Cesium.
8 All metals are very strong except Zinc
and Mercury.
9 Generally, metals are hard except sodium
and potassium.
10 Metals are heavy except sodium and
potassium.
11 Metals are sonorous.
Non-Metals
Non-metals are non-malleable and brittle.
Non-metals are non-ductile.
Non-metals are bad conductors of heat
except Diamond (carbon).
Non-metals are generally bad conductors
of electricity except Graphite (carbon).
Non-metals are non-lustrous except
Graphite (carbon) and Iodine.
Non-metals may be solid, liquid or Gases
at room temperature.
Non-metals have low melting and boiling
points as compared to metals except
Diamond (carbon).
Non-metals are much less strong as
compared to metals except carbon fibres.
Most of Non-metals are soft or less hard
except Diamond, which is hardest known
natural material.
Non-metals are light substances except
Diamond.
Non-metals are non-sonorous.

Types of Mixtures: Depending upon the nature of the components that form a mixture, we can
have two different types of mixtures:
1. Homogeneous Mixtures: When two or more substances are mixed together uniformly and
seems to be only one substance, though it is a mixture is called Homogeneous mixture or the
Solution. E.g., Sugar- water mixture, salt- water mixture, drinking water having a number of
minerals and air dissolved in it.
2. Heterogeneous Mixtures: Mixtures in which different components are clearly visible by
naked eyes are called Heterogeneous mixtures. E.g., sand- water mixture, smoke, milk, cream,
cheese, butter, jelly, air etc. Heterogeneous mixtures are further classified into two categories:
(i) Colloids (ii) Suspensions

vDifference between Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Mixtures:

SN Homogeneous Mixture
1 Homogeneous mixtures have a uniform
composition throughout the bulk.
2 Homogeneous mixtures have only one
phase, e.g., sugar-water, salt-water etc.
3 Homogeneous mixtures have no visible
boundaries of separation between its
constituents.
Heterogeneous Mixtures
Heterogeneous mixtures have physically
distinct parts & non-uniform composition.
Heterogeneous mixtures have more than
one phase,e.g., Rain water, Milk, jelly etc.
Heterogeneous mixtures have visible
boundaries of separation between its
constituents.
4 Examples: sugar-water, salt-water, Examples: sand-water, oil-water, Butter,
alcohol-water, acetone-water, steel, Brass, Vanishing Creams, Dust in water, sans &
Bronze, Moisture in air, Air (oxygen & sugar, sand in common salt (sea-
nitrogen, carbon dioxide), cold drinks etc. salt/Rock salt),. water in sponge etc.

★Solution: The homogeneous mixture is also called solution. The substance present in more
quantity is called solvent and the other substance present in less quantity is solute.

Solution = Solute + Solvent

Solubility: It is the amount of solute (usually a solid or gas) that will dissolve in a given
amount of solvent (usually a liquid) at a given temperature. In another words, the solubility is
the maximum amount of the solute that can be dissolved in 100g solvent at a given temperature.
• Solubility may be expressed as grams of solute dissolved per 100 grams of solvent.
• Solubility is expressed by the symbol ‘s’.
• Solubility varies directly with temperature (i.e. s α T).
Solubility = Amount of solute (g) x100
Amount of solvent (g)
Example: The solubility of sodium chloride is 35.7 g at 00C. This means that, a maximum of
35.7 g of sodium chloride (common salt) can be dissolved in 100 g of water at 00C.

Concentration of Solution: The amount of solute dissolved in a given mass or volume of

solution is called concentration of the solution.
Solution (g) = Solute (g) + Solvent (g) in terms of mass.
Solution (ml) = Solute (g) + Solvent (ml) in terms of volume.
There are three ways of expressing the concentration of the solution:
(i) Mass by mass percentage (m/m%):
Amount of solute (g) x100
m/m (%) = Amount of solution (g)
(ii) Mass by volume percentage (m/v%):
Amount of solute (g) x100
m/v (%) = Volume of solution (ml)

(iii) Volume by volume percentage (m/v%):

Amount of solute (g) x100
v/v (%) = Volume of solution (ml)

Example 1: One spoon sugar (5g) is added in 50 g water to make solution. Calculate the
concentration in terms of m/m (%) as well as m/v (%).

• Mass of Solution (55g) = Sugar (5g) + Solvent (50g water).

Amount of solute (g) x100
m/m (%) = Amount of solution (g) = (5/55)x 100 = 9.09%

• Volume of Solution (50ml) = Sugar (5g) + Solvent (50ml water).

Amount of solute (g) x100
m/v (%) = Volume of solution (ml) = (5/50)x 100 = 10.0%

★Colloid: The colloidal solution is a heterogeneous mixture but it appears to be homogeneous.

Properties of the colloids:
• The size of particles of a colloid is too small to be individually seen by naked eyes.
• The particles of a colloid are uniformly spread throughout the solution, and
• Due to the relatively smaller size of particles, as compared to that of a suspension.
• Colloids are big enough to scatter a beam of light passing through it and make its path
visible, which is called Tyndall Effect.
• They do not settle down when left undisturbed, that is, a colloid is quite stable.
• They cannot be separated from the mixture by the process of filtration but a special
process based on gravity, centrifugation can be used to separate the colloidal particles.
• The components of a colloidal solution are the dispersed phase and the dispersion
medium. The solute-like component or the dispersed particles in a colloid form the
dispersed phase, and the component in which the dispersed phase is suspended is known
as the dispersing medium.

★Suspension: A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which the solute particles do not

dissolve but remain suspended throughout the bulk of the medium. Particles of a suspension are
visible to the naked eye.
Properties of a Suspension:
• Suspension is a heterogeneous mixture.
• The particles of a suspension can be seen by the naked eye.The particles of a suspension
scatter a beam of light passing through it and make its path visible.
• The solute particles settle down when a suspension is left undisturbed, that is, a
suspension is unstable. They can be separated from the mixture by the process of
filtration. When the particles settle down, the suspension breaks and it does not scatter
light any more.
vDifference between True Solution, Colloid, Suspension:

Property True Solution Colloid Suspension

Nature The true solution is a A colloid appears to be A suspension is a
homogeneous mixture homogeneous but actually Heterogeneous mixture
of solute and solvent. it is a heterogeneous of dispersed phase and
mixture of dispersed phase dispersion medium.
and dispersion medium.
Appearance The true solution is The colloids are The suspensions are
Transparent; the solute Translucent; the disperse Translucent/Opaque;
particles cannot be seen particles can be seen with the dispersed particles
even with a powerful a powerful microscope. can be seen with the
microscope. naked eyes.
Particle True solutions have Colloidal solutions have Suspensions have
size very small particles particles size (diameter), particle size more than
size, i.e., less than 1nm. between 1nm to 100nm. 100 nm.
Tyndall True solutions do not Colloidal solutions exhibit Suspensions may or
effect show Tyndall Effect. Tyndall Effect due to may not show Tyndall
scattering of light. Effect.
Filterability The entire solution The particles of colloidal The particles cannot
passes through filter solution can pass through pass through filter
paper. ordinary filter paper. paper.
Stability The true solutions are The colloidal solutions are The suspensions are
stable because the also stable because the unstable because the
particles do not settle particles do not settle due particles may settle due
due to gravity. to gravity. to gravity.

Types of Colloids: Colloids are classified according to the state (solid, liquid or gas) of the
dispersing medium and the dispersed phase. A few common examples are given in the
following Table. From this table you can see that they are very common in our everyday life.