Diversity of

Materials in the
Environment
• Every aspect of life is a component of something else. The cell
is the basic unit of life.
• The process inside of the cell involve transformation of energy
and matter.

•What is Matter?
• Matter- is anything that occupies space and
has mass.
• Matter is made up of atoms
• These atoms react with one another, forming
more complex forms of matter such as
elements, compounds and other substances.
• Matter can be classified in different ways.
 Classification of Matter
MATTER
MIXTURE PURE SUBSTANCE

HETEROGENOU
HOMOGENOUS ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS
S

SOLUTIO ACI
N NON BASE SALT
META D
SUSPENSION COLLOID METALLOI
L META
D
L
Mixture- substance made by mixing other substances together:

Homogenous
- refers to a substance that is consistent or uniform throughout its volume. A
sample taken from any part of a homogeneous substance will have the same
characteristics as a sample taken from another area.
Homogeneous Examples
Air is considered a homogeneous mixture of gases. Pure salt has a homogeneous
composition.
• In a more general sense, a group of schoolchildren all dressed in the same uniform may
be considered homogeneous.
Heterogenous
- mixture is defined as a mixture that has a non-uniform composition. In other
words, its composition varies from one location to another. In contrast, a
homogeneous mixture has a uniform composition. Its appearance and composition
are the same, no matter where you take a sample.

Examples of heterogeneous mixtures:

• Cereal in milk is a great example of a heterogeneous mixture. It consists of a solid
cereal in liquid milk.
• Oil and water form a heterogeneous mixture.
• Orange juice with pulp is a heterogeneous mixture. The components are unevenly
distributed, plus they exist in two phases. Juice is a liquid and pulp is a solid.
• Sandy water is a heterogeneous mixture. It consists of two phases that readily separate.
• A pepperoni pizza is a heterogeneous mixture. You might get a pepperoni in one bite,
yet not in another.
Mixture
-liquid mixture in which the minor component (the solute) is uniformly distributed
within the major component (the solvent).
Example: "a solution of ammonia in water"
Suspension
-is a heterogeneous mixture in which solute-like particles settle out of a solvent-
like phase sometime after their introduction. We use the terms 'solute-like' and
'solvent-like' because we are dealing with a heterogeneous mixture, while the terms
solute and solvent refer to homogeneous solutions.
Examples of Suspensions
Sometimes, in the right light, you will be able to see particles of dust floating in a
room. Eventually the dust will settle on the floor and on furniture, and the room
will need to be cleaned. Dust in air is a suspension.
Example 2
• If you go to a beach and mix sand and water in a bucket you will form a
suspension. Given time, the sand will settle on the bottom of the bucket to
leave clear water.
Colloid?
• Colloids refer to dispersions of small particles usually with linear
dimensions from around 1 nm to 10 micrometres. These particles may be
either dissolved macromolecules or having macromolecular structures
formed from smaller structural units, or they may constitute a separate
phase as in aerosols, powders, pigments dispersions, emulsions or even
finely pigmented plastics.
• Pure substances are only two things: elements or compounds. Elements are
substances made up of only one kind of atom. Currently, the Periodic Table of the
Elements recognizes 118 such pure substances. Compounds are molecules
(covalently bonded) or units of ionic compounds.
• Element- a substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances through
chemistry. An element is also an important component of something or a natural
habitat. Element has many other senses as a noun. In chemistry, an element is
something that cannot be broken down any further.
• Compounds can be defined as substances consisting of 2 or more different types
of elements in a fixed ratio of its atoms. When the elements combine, some
individual property of the elements is lost and the newly formed compound has
new properties.
salt is a substance obtained by the reaction of an acid and a base. Salts are
composed of positive ions (cations) of bases and negative ions (anions) of acids.
The reaction of acid and base is called the neutralization reaction.
 PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES

 Those that can be observe and

measured without changing the
PROPERTIES OF substance into another substance

MATTER whether the amount of properties of

matter are small or large.
 Two types of Properties
• Intensive Properties
Density, boiling point, melting point, color, texture, solubility, metallic
properties, like malleability and ductility.
• Extensive Properties
Properties that depend on the amount of matter. If the amount of matter is
small , then its quantity is small, then its quantity is small. Examples are
mass, volume, length, area, and height.
 1. VOLUME
Some extensive properties can determined mathematically.
Examples:
A. How much space will a 5.0 cm metal cube occupy?
B. How much space will a metal ball occupy if it has a diameter of 6.0 cm?
C. What is the volume of a 10.0 cm x 15.0 cm x 25.0 cm rectangle box?
D. How much space will a cylindrical water tank occupy if its height is 100 cm
and its diameter is 30 cm?
 2. Density
• (D) is the mass (m) per unit volume (V) of a material. In symbol, D= m/V.
When mass is measured in grams and the volume in cubic centimeters, density
will be in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3).
Table of Densities
Substance Density in g/cm3 Substance Density in g/cm3
Air 0.0013 Hydrogen 0.00009
Alcohol 0.79 Ice 0.92
Aliminum 2.7 Iron 7.8
Balsa Wood 0.13 Lead 11.3
Carbon Dioxide 0.002 Mercury 13.6
Concreate 2.3 Oxygen 0.0014
Cork 0.24 Water (pure) 1.00
Gasoline 0.68 Water (sea) 1.03
 3. Boiling Point
• The temperature at which a liquid starts changing into the gaseous phase.
Different substances have different boiling points.

Substance Boiling Point

Mercury 357 C

Water 100 C

Ethyl 78 C

Carbon Tetrachloride 76.8 C

Chlorine 33.6 C
 4. Melting
Point
• The temperature at which solid begins to melt. Substances differ in their
melting points.
• Iron melts at the highest temperature, Ice has a very low melting point
Substance Melting Point

Iron 1, 535

Copper 1,083

Silver 960

Lead 327

Butter 32

Ice 0
5. Metallic Point
Malleability and ductility
Malleability is the capability of a material to be hammered into thin
sheets. Gold, Silver, and tin can be hammered into sheets.
Ductility is the ability of a material to be drawn into wires. Copper,
tungsten, and platinum can be drawn into fine wires without breaking.
6. Hardness
A property related to a minerals resistance to being scratched. There is an
order of hardness in matter.
 Chemical Properties

• Properties that can identify when one substance reacts with another
substance.
• Depending on what chemicals will meet each other and will undergo
chemical changes, different outcomes will be formed.
 Characteristics of Chemical Properties:
1. Ability to change in odor- Fresh coconut milk, when exposed for several
days, smells unpleasant
2. Ability to change in color- Silver, when tarnished, turns from a yellowish
tint to deep yellow and even black.
3. Ability to form gases- (0ften appearing as bubbles)- When an alka- seltzer
is dropped in water and when vinegar is added to
sodium bicarbonate bubbles are formed.
4. Ability to give off light and heat- When we observe fireworks, light and
heat are given off and usually sounds are produced.
Another, burning of fuel where in light energy usually
accompanies the release of heat.
 Characteristics of Chemical Properties:
5. Ability to form precipitate- Formed when two liquids react. Example is the
combination of vinegar and milk, where in yellowish
rubbery lumps form.
6. Ability to change in temperature or energy- It is the production
(exothermic) or loss (endothermic) of heat. When
dynamite explodes, mechanical energy is produced. And when the
battery of a car produces electricity, electrical energy is
produced.
7. Ability to change in form- Every chemical change varies the identify
and properties of the original substances.