Natural hazards on

Earth
 According to the Philippine Institute of volcanology and seismology or
PHIVOlCS, there can be possible movements along the west and East
valley faults during or after our generation.
 The local government of Metro Manila and the nearby cities and
provinces conducted a Metrowide Earthquake drill for the preparation
of the?

“BIG ONE”
Lesson Objective:
 Describe the various hazards that may happen in
the event of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions
and landslides.
 Identify the areas that prone to hazards brought
about tropical storms or typhoons and floods.
 Describe the various hazards that may happen in
the wake of tropical storms or typhoons and
floods.
What is natural disaster?
What is natural disaster?
- Cause great damage of the environment, property, wildlife and human health.

- Hurricanes, floods, earthquakes, tornadoes, tsunamis, landslides, wildfires, volacanic

eruption, and extremes pressure.
What are Natural hazards?
 Assevere and extreme weather and climate events
that occur naturally in all parts of the world.
 When people lives and livelihoods are destroyed as
a result of these events, natural hazards become
natural disaster.
 Because of its geographic location and tectonic
setting, the Philippines frequently experiences a lot
of natural hazards, such as earthquakes, floods,
typhoon, volcanic eruptions, and landslides.
Worst disaster in the Philippines in terms of
number
Disaster Date Number of People killed
Typhoon Yolanda November 8, 2013 6 300
1976 Mindanao Earthquake August 17, 1976 6 000
Typhoon Uring November 5, 1991 5 956
1990 Luzon Earthquake July 16, 1990 2 412
Typhoon Pablo December 4, 2012 1901
Tropical depression Winnie November 29, 2004 1 619
Typhoon titang October 13, 1970 1 551
Typhoon Sendong December 15, 2011 1 439
Typhoon Nitang September 1, 1984 1 422
Typhoon Reming November 30, 2009 1 399
 Worst Disaster in the Philippines in
terms of number of people affected
Disaster Date Number of Affected People
Typhoon Yolanda November 8, 2013 16 106 807
Typhoon Pablo December 4, 2012 6 2246 664
Typhoon Ruping November 12, 1990 6 159 569
Typhoon Ondoy September 26, 2009 4 901 763
Typhoon Frank June 21, 2008 4 785 460
Typhoon Pepeng September 29, 2009 4 478 491
2012 Habagat August 6, 2012 4 451 725
Typhoon Loleng October 21, 1998 3 902 424
Typhoon Milenyo September 27, 2006 3 842 406
Typhoon Openg November 20, 1937 3 400 024
 Worst Disaster in the Philippines in
terms of cost of damage
Disaster Date Estimated Cost of Damage
Typhoon Yolanda November 8, 2013 2 051 711
Typhoon Pablo December 4, 2012 1 692 961
Typhoon Sisang September 4, 1995 700 300
Typhoon Pepeng September 29, 2009 585 379
Mt. Pinatubo Eruption June 15, 1991 443 000
Typhoon Ruping November 12, 1990 388 500
1990 Luzon Eaethquake July 16, 1990 369 600
Typhoon Pedring September 24, 2011 344 173
Typhoon Frank June 21, 2008 284 694
Typhoon Juan October 18, 2010 275 745
Typhoon and Hurricanes
 Considered as two of the most destructive natural
hazards because of the great damage and number of
casualties that they bring.
 Bothare generally known as tropical cyclones and they
only differ in terms of where they were formed.
Hurricanes are tropical storms that form over the North
Atlantic Ocean and Northeast Pacific. Cyclones are
formed over the South Pacific and Indian Ocean.
Typhoon are formed over the Northwest Pacific Ocean.
How a tropical Cyclones develop?
 There are six main requirements for a tropical cyclone to
form
1. Sufficiently warm sea surface temperature.
2. Atmospheric Instability.
3. High Humidity in the lower to middle levels of the
troposphere.
4. Enough Coriolis force to develop a low pressure center
5. Pre Existing low level disturbance
6. Low vertical wind shear.
 TropicalCyclone is described based on its sustaining wind and
speed and classified based on its intensity.
 Itderives its energy from the latent heat of condensation, which
makes the cyclone form over the ocean and weakens rapidly on
land.
 The typhoons weaken as they move toward the land because the
main fueling ingredient that sustain the moist air of the ocean.
Classification of Tropical Cyclones

Tropical Cyclone Wind Strength

TROPICAL DEPRESSION 61 kph

TROPICAL STORM 62-88 kph

SEVERE TROPICAL STORM 89-117 kph

TYPHOON 118-220 kph

SUPER TYPHOON 220 kph

 About Typhoon
 Typhoons form in the warm, moist air of the tropics mostly coming from
the ocean.
 The moisture from the warm ocean “feeds” the thunderstorm,
converting the moisture to heat. These thunderstorm have low pressure
surfaces that attract more moisture from the ocean, making them
larger.
 The Coriolis force makes this air mass rotate counterclockwise in the
Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.
 Airat the center of the growing spiraling mass rises and condenses into
clouds and rain. The condensation releases large amounts of heat into
atmosphere. This produces even lower surface pressure and stronger
winds, resulting into a stronger tropical cyclone.
 The cyclone is classified as a tropical
disturbance, tropical depression, tropical storm
or typhoon, depending on the strength of the
winds.
 The air sinks in the center of the cyclone,
creating the “eye’. Where the winds calm. The
strongest winds occur on the sides of the eye
called the “Eyewall”
 STORM SURGE
 An abnormal rise of water brought by a storm.
 During the storm, the water level increases its height beyond the
normal tide. This is what we call storm tide. But if it moves inland, it
is referred to as a storm surge.
 Itis different from the Tsunami, even though both of them involve
the rise in water level along the coastline. A Tsunami is caused by an
earthquake while a storm surge is caused by storm.
 Storm surges occur when a storm is moving inland or near the
coastline which can cause greater damage along the coast.
 Typhoon Yolanda, which hit Central Visayas on November 8, 2013,
caused a storm surge 5.2 meters high, which primarily accounted for
the death toll of at least 6 000 and massive destruction in the
affected areas.
 FLOODS
 Flood is an overflow or large accumulation of water that submerges the land which is not
normally covered by water.

Different types of Floods

1. Areal Flood
- Caused by lowland areas categorized as flood plains serving as catch basin of water coming
from the highlands or mountains.
2. Flood Plain
 A flat area with areas of a higher elevation on both sides and is therefore prone to flooding.
Many parts of the city of manila are considered flood plains.
3. Riverine Flood
 Due to the overflowing of water from the rivers and streams. This is usually occurs when a
rivers become narrow and shallow and cannot hold to much water, resulting to the release of
water surrounding areas.
3. Riverine Flood
 Due to the overflowing of water from the rivers and streams. This is
usually occurs when a rivers become narrow and shallow and cannot
hold to much water, resulting to the release of water surrounding areas
4. Coastal or Estuarine Flood
 In these areas, some part of it remains flooded even without rain. This
is due to the inability of estuaries or openings to coastal areas to
release the water faster than the intake of water. Also these areas are
affected by the changing tides.
5. Urban Flood
 Which is the result of nonfunctional drainages and canals in urban
areas.
 VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
 Movements of plates and volcanic eruptions that resulted to earthquakes.
 Similar to mountains and hills, volcanoes are formed buy either the converging
of tectonic plates or the accumulation of the materials erupted through one or
more openings on the earth surface.
 Most Volcanoes have steep sides: some can be gently sloping mountains or can
be flat tablelands or plateaus found above sea level and even along the ocean
floor.
 The materials that accumulate and form the volcanoes are molten rocks coming
from below the Earth’s surface, known aa magma.
 Magma is formed deep within the earth under high temperature and pressure,
and rises through openings or cracks known as fissure vents.
 Molten rocks flowing out of volcanic vents are called lava.
TYPES OF VOLCANOES

1. Cinder Volcano 2. Composite Volcano 3. Shield Volcano

4. Calderas Volcano 5. Plateus Volcano

 THREE TYPES OF VOLCANIC MATERIALS
1. LAVA
 Lava may break into the surface or flow rapidly down the
slopes.
2. TEPHRA
 Known also as PYROCLASTIC materials, are rock fragments
thrown airborne during an explosive eruption.
3. GASES and ASHES
- Consist of water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide with
mix of smaller amount of hydrogen chloride and hydrogen
fluoride.
 It will more threatening when volcanoes release huge amounts of gases
and even ashes into the atmosphere during eruptions.When this gases
mix with water in the atmosphere, It results to acid rain, causing
damage during precipitation .
 Heavy accumulations of volcanic ash in the atmosphere may spread to a
greater extent, causing pulmonary ailments, and can even collapse
roofs and damage crops.
 The effects on volcanic eruptions can extend further when volcanic
debris called LAHAR.
 Lahar travels more quickly than lava, thus, it is more life – threatening
and produces greater damages.
 The eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in 1991 was considered as a second
largest eruption in the 20th century. Rains and extreme precipitation
rate after the eruption brought at least one centimeter thick lahar
deposits over approximately 7 500 square kilometers of Luzon,
particularly in the major parts of Pampanga and Zambales.
TWO CLASSIFICATION OF VOLCANO

1. Active Volcano
-Erupted within the last 10 000 years.
2. Inactive Volcano
- No record of eruptions
LIST OF ACTIVE VOLCANOES IN THE PHILIPPINES
NAME OF PROVINCE ELEVATION (KL) NO. OF LATEST
VOLCANO HISTORICAL ERUPTION
ERUPTIONS ACTIVITY
BABUYAN CLARO CAGAYAN 0.843 4 1917

BANAHAW LAGUNA, QUEZON 2.169 3 1843

BILIRAN BILIRAN ISLAND 1.340 1 1939

BULUSAN SORSOGON 1.565 17 NOV. 2010-FEB

2011
CAGUA CAGAYAN 1.160 2 1907

CAMIGUIN DE CAGAYAN 0.712 1 1857

BABUYANES
DIDICAS CAGAYAN 0.843 6 JAN. 6-9, 1978
(BABUYAN ISLAND)
NAME OF PROVINCE ELEVATION NO. OF LATEST
VOLCANO HISTORICAL ERUPTION
ERUPTIONS ACTIVITY

MAYON ALBAY 2.460 49 DECEMBER, 2009

PINATUBO BOUNDARIES OF 1.445 3 JULY 9-AUGUST

PAMPANGA, 16, 1991
TARLAC AND
ZAMBALES
TAAL BATANGAS 0.311 33 OCTOBER 3, 1977
 EARTHQUAKES
- Another natural hazard that may cause disaster are
the earthquakes.
 Itrefers to the movement or shaking of the ground on
the earth crust. It may result of a recent volcanic
activity, but mostly it is tectonic related.
 The Philippines is prone to earthquakes because of its
geologic location and tectonic setting. Being part of the
pacific Ring of fire, it consist of various active faults
and trenches
THREE MAJOR EARTHQUAKE GENERATORS IN
THE PHILIPPINES

1.Philippine Trench- Located east of

the Philippines.
2.Manila Trench- Located west of
Luzon.
3.Philippine Fault Zone-
Within Metro manila, there are two
active fault systems
The East Valley fault and west valley
Fault.
 Landslides
 Another hazard that common in the Philippines.
 A landslide is a movement of mass of earth (soil, mud, rocks, or debris) down
a slope.
 A common cause of landslides is slope saturation by water, which can occur in
the form of heavy rainfall, snowmelt, changes in ground- water levels, and
water- level changes along coastlines, earth dams, and the banks of lakes,
reservoirs, canals and rivers.
 In the Philippines, the usual cause of landslides is rainfall, which can result to
flooding that can lead to a landslide.
 Another common cause of landslides is earthquake. Whenever tectonic plates
move, the crust above them also moves. As such, when quakes generate under
a steep slope, soil slips or topples, triggering a landslide.
 Landslides and floods are closely connected because both are triggered by
precipitation, runoff, and the saturation of ground by water.
 Because of the Philippines is prone to both storms and
seismic activities and is home to many mountain formations,
landslides are common natural hazards in the country.
 Relentlessrainfall brought by Pepeng caused the 2009
Benguet landslide which killed 160 people and buried
hundreds of houses in mud.
 However the rapid growth of population which had led to
increased urbanization, deforestation, and unplanned land
use development in the affected areas contributed to the
weakening of slope stability.
 Deforestation and excavation related to residential
construction tend to increase the water runoff, thereby
increasing probability of rocks slides.
 Tsunami
 Ifthe epicenter of earthquake is beneath the sea , another
natural disaster may arise
 When part of the sea floor drops as a direct result of an
earthquake on the earth’s crust, water rushes into it filling up the
depression. The sudden rush of water forms waves refered to as
tsunami.
 An earthquake that occurs under the water may result to a
sudden change in the sea floor creating depression. When it
happens, the energy from the earthquake is transferred to the
water, thus, causing it to move faster, and to generate a tsunami.