CHAPTER TWO

TRANSVERSAL TOPIC
EDUCATION IN PREVENTION OF
RISK:
NATURAL DISASTER.
Introduction

A natural disaster is a major adverse event resulting from natural processes of the
Earth; examples include floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, volcanic eruptions,
earthquakes, tsunamis, and other geologic processes. A natural disaster can cause
loss of life or property damage, and typically leaves some economic damage in its
wake, the severity of which depends on the affected population's resilience, or ability
to recover and also on the infrastructure available.

TYPE OF NATURAL DISASTER

1. Hydrological disasters
1.1 Floods

A flood is an overflow of water that 'submerges' land. The EU Floods Directive

defines a flood as a temporary covering by water of land which is usually not covered
by water. In the sense of 'flowing water', the word may also be applied to the inflow
of the tides. Flooding may result from the volume of water within a body of water,
such as a river or lake, which overflows causing the result that some of the water
escapes its usual boundaries.

1.2 Limnic eruptions

A Limnic eruption occurs when a gas, usually CO2, suddenly erupts from deep lake
water, posing the threat of suffocating wildlife, livestock and humans. Such an
eruption may also cause tsunamis in the lake as the rising gas displaces water.
Scientists believe landslides, volcanic activity, or explosions can trigger such an
eruption. To date, only two limnic eruptions have been observed and recorded. In
1984, in Cameroon, a limnic eruption in Lake Monoun caused the deaths of 37
nearby residents, and at nearby Lake Nyos in 1986 a much larger eruption killed
between 1,700 and 1,800 people by asphyxiation.

1.3 Tsunami

Tsunami (plural: tsunamis or tsunami; from Japanese: 津波, lit. "harbour wave";
English pronunciation: /tsuːˈnɑːmi/), also known as a seismic sea wave or as a tidal
wave, is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large
volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake. Tsunamis can be caused by
undersea earthquakes such as the 2004 Boxing Day tsunami, or by landslides such
as the one in 1958 at Lituya Bay, Alaska, or by volcanic eruptions such as the ancient
eruption of Santorini. On March 11, 2011, a tsunami occurred near Fukushima,
Japan and spread through the Pacific.

2. Meteorological disasters

2.1 Blizzards

Blizzards are severe winter storms characterized by heavy snow and strong winds.
When high winds stir up snow that has already fallen, it is known as a ground
blizzard. Blizzards can impact local economic activities, especially in regions where
snowfall is rare. The Great Blizzard of 1888 affected the United States, when many
tons of wheat crops were destroyed, and in Asia, 2008 Afghanistan blizzard and the
1972 Iran blizzard were also significant events. The 1993 Superstorm originated in
the Gulf of Mexico and traveled north, causing damage in 26 states as well as
Canada and leading to more than 300 deaths.

2.2 Cyclonic storms

Cyclone, tropical cyclone, hurricane, and typhoon are different names for the same
phenomenon, which is a cyclonic storm system that forms over the oceans. The
determining factor on which term is used is based on where they originate. In the
Atlantic and Northeast Pacific, the term "hurricane" is used; in the Northwest Pacific
it is referred to as a "typhoon" and "cyclones" occur in the South Pacific and Indian
Ocean.

2.3 Droughts

Drought is the unusual dryness of soil caused by levels of rainfall significantly below
average over a prolonged period. Hot dry winds, shortage of water, high
temperatures and consequent evaporation of moisture from the ground can also
contribute to conditions of drought. Droughts result in crop failure and shortages of
water.
 2.4 Thunderstorm

Severe storms, dust clouds, and volcanic eruptions can generate lightning. Apart
from the damage typically associated with storms, such as winds, hail, and flooding,
the lightning itself can damage buildings, ignite fires and kill by direct contact.
Especially deadly lightning incidents include a 2007 strike in Ushari Dara, a remote
mountain village in northwestern Pakistan, that killed 30 people, the crash of LANSA
Flight 508 which killed 91 people, and a fuel explosion in Dronka, Egypt caused by
lightning in 1994 which killed 469. Most lightning deaths occur in the poor countries
of America and Asia, where lightning is common and adobe mud brick housing
provides little protection.

2.5 Hailstorms

Hailstorms are rain drops that fall as ice, rather than melting before they hit the
ground. A particularly damaging hailstorm hit Munich, Germany, on July 12, 1984,
causing about $2 billion in insurance claims.

2.6 Heat waves

A heat wave is a period of unusually and excessively hot weather. The worst heat
wave in recent history was the European Heat Wave of 2003. A summer heat wave
in Victoria, Australia, created conditions which fueled the massive bushfires in 2009.
Melbourne experienced three days in a row of temperatures exceeding 40 °C (104
°F) with some regional areas sweltering through much higher temperatures. The
bushfires, collectively known as "Black Saturday", were partly the act of arsonists.
The 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer resulted in severe heat waves, which killed
over 2,000 people. It resulted in hundreds of wildfires which caused widespread air
pollution, and burned thousands of square miles of forest.

2.7 Tornadoes

A tornado is a violent and dangerous rotating column of air that is in contact with
both the surface of the earth and a cumulonimbus cloud, or the base of a cumulus
cloud in rare cases. It is also referred to as a twister or a cyclone, although the word
cyclone is used in meteorology in a wider sense, to refer to any closed low pressure
circulation. Tornadoes come in many shapes and sizes, but are typically in the form
of a visible condensation funnel, whose narrow end touches the earth and is often
encircled by a cloud of debris and dust. Most tornadoes have wind speeds less than
110 miles per hour (177 km/h), are approximately 250 feet (80 m) across, and travel
a few miles (several kilometers) before dissipating. The most extreme tornadoes can
attain wind speeds of more than 300 mph (480 km/h), stretch more than two miles
(3 km) across, and stay on the ground for dozens of miles (perhaps more than 100
km).

3. Wildfires

Wildfires are large fires which often start in wildland areas. Common causes include
lightning and drought but wildfires may also be started by human negligence or
arson. They can spread to populated areas and can thus be a threat to humans and
property, as well as wildlife. Notable cases of wildfires were the 1871 Peshtigo Fire
in the United States, which killed at least 1700 people, and the 2009 Victorian
bushfires in Australia.

4. Space disasters
4.1 Impact events and airburst

Asteroids that impact the Earth have led to several major extinction events, including
one which created the Chicxulub crater 64.9 million years ago and which is
associated with the demise of the dinosaurs. Scientists estimate that the likelihood
of death for a living human from a global impact event is comparable to death from
airliner crash.
No human death has been definitively attributed to an impact event, but the 1490
Ch'ing-yang event in which over 10,000 people may have died has been linked to a
meteor shower. Even asteroids and comets that burn up in the atmosphere can
cause significant destruction on the ground due to the air burst explosion – notable
air bursts include the Tunguska event in June 1908, which devastated large areas
of Siberian countryside, and the Chelyabinsk meteor on 15 February 2013, which
caused widespread property damage in the city of Chelyabinsk and injured 1,491.

4.2 Solar flare

A solar flare is a phenomenon where the sun suddenly releases a great amount of
solar radiation, much more than normal. Solar flares are unlikely to cause any direct
injury, but can destroy electrical equipment. The potential of solar storms to cause
disaster was seen during the 1859 Carrington event, which disrupted the telegraph
network, and the March 1989 geomagnetic storm which blacked out Quebec. Some
major known solar flares include the X20 event on August 16, 1989, and a similar
flare on April 2, 2001. The most powerful flare ever recorded occurred on November
4, 2003 (estimated at between X40 and X45).

Preventing natural disasters

Not all-natural disasters can be prevented. However, the impacts can be lessened
with proper planning and notification systems. Only by managing land and water
resources--not for the possibility of a natural disaster but rather for the reality of it
occurring--can higher costs in property damage and loss of human life be prevented.
Planning requires the cooperation of a network of state and local officials working
with federal agencies.

Monitoring
Climate monitoring by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the
National Weather Service can help prevent human losses by notification of severe
weather patterns. Storm warnings allow for proper preparation, even evacuation, in
the event of a pending weather event. Likewise, monitoring of seismic activity by the
National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC) can rapidly inform government
agencies and the public of destructive earthquakes.
Prepare

Natural disaster prevention also relies on the individual. The International Red Cross
provides training for individuals to prepare for natural disasters. Having an
emergency preparedness kit in your home is important, since some natural disasters
can occur without warning. A well-stocked kit will include a complete first aid kit, a
few days' supply of drinking water and canned goods, and other necessities such as
batteries, an extra cellphone battery, matches and flashlights. While having the kit
will not prevent the disaster, it will give you the peace of mind of being prepared.

Ways to be prepared for a natural disaster

1. Fill out an emergency plan. Create an emergency plan for your family in
case of a natural disaster. Include household information, out-of-town
contacts, and school, workplace, and childcare contact information and
emergency contingencies. Add your evacuation routes and shelter plans as
well.

2. Discuss how to prepare and respond to most likely disasters. Consider

scenarios for the events that are most likely to happen in your area. Make
sure everyone in your family knows how to react to different disasters,
including tornadoes, hurricanes, floods, fires, winter storms, and power
outages. Pinpoint the safest spots in your home for each type of disaster.

 For example, make an emergency plan for a flood if you live near a waterway,
or an emergency plan for a winter storm if you live in a cold climate.
 The highest level in your home is the safest place during a flood, while the
lowest level is safest during a tornado, for instance.

3. Identify 3 ways to get warnings. Sirens are generally insufficient warnings

for natural disasters. However, in case of a power outage, you cannot rely
solely on your television or landline phone for warnings, either. Sign up to
receive emergency alerts from your local government by text message or
email. You should also have a battery-operated AM/FM radio (and extra
batteries) on hand as well.
4. Determine the best evacuation routes. Identify all the entries and exits in
your home and plan how you will evacuate your home (by car or by foot, for
instance). Determine where you will go in the event that you cannot remain in
your home or even in your region. Then, map out several routes for getting
out of your city and state or region. Be sure to brief all your family members
about evacuation strategies and exit plans. It’s important to have multiple
options in case roadways are damaged during a disaster.

5. Decide how family members will communicate. Come up with a

communication plan in case you are separated in the event of a disaster. You
may want to provide each member of the family with a prepaid cell phone and
charger, for instance. Make a contact card for each member of the family so
they have all the phone numbers and addresses they may need.Text
messages are more reliable than phone calls during emergencies. Make sure
children know how to operate a cell phone and send a text message.

6. Choose multiple meeting spots. In case all of your family members aren’t
able to reach a designated meeting place, you should have several
contingencies. Choose one location in your neighborhood or close to your
home as well as one that is located out of town. Plan to meet at the closest
location in the event of an emergency, and keep the out-of-town location as
a backup in case a disaster prevents you from meeting at the primary location.

7. Run practice drills. It’s important to practice what to do in case of a natural

disaster, especially if you have children. Each year, you should do a practice
drill for each type of disaster that could occur. For example, conduct a home
fire drill if you live in an area prone to drought and wildfire.

8. Pack a 3-day supply of nonperishable food and water. Choose food items with
a long shelf life, such as canned goods and packaged pantry items. To opt
for items that don’t require refrigeration, but also those that require little
cooking in case you don’t have power due to a disaster. Store 1 gallon (3.8
L) of water per person (and per pet) per day. Don’t forget formula and bottles
if you have an infant, as well as pet food for any pets.
9. Add shelter and safety supplies. Pack emergency blankets, sleeping bags,
and a tent or two in case you can’t stay in your home.
10. Pack electronics and batteries. Include several flashlights, an AM/FM
radio, and extra batteries. You may also want to include a prepaid cell phone
 with a charger in case your landline or cell phone doesn’t work during a
natural disaster.
11. Include medicine and a first aid kit. Prescription and over-the-counter
medicines should be included in your kit. Add a basic first aid kit containing
instant ice packs, bandages, antiseptic ointment, scissors, tape, a suture kit,
and so on.
12. Recognize potentially threatening situations. Watch news and weather
reports in your region so that you can be aware of potential disasters in the
area. You can also download apps for your smartphone, like Natural Disaster
Monitor or Weather Underground, that will alert you of potential disasters near
your location.
13. Evacuate before disaster strikes, if possible. If danger is imminent in your
area, evacuate before it strikes. Your local government or authority may order
evacuations if a natural disaster is looming, so be sure to follow their
instructions. If you aren’t able to evacuate, shelter in place until it is safe to
leave the area.

CONCLUSION

The best way to be prepared for a natural disaster is to fill an emergency pack with
clothing, toiletries, medications, money, bottled water, and non-perishable food.
Place it in an easily-accessible spot in your house away from sun, heat, and
moisture. For tips on how to create an emergency plan, stay alert to disaster
warnings, and get in touch with family in case of emergency, read on!
CHAPTER THREE
SONG
“There Is Song”
The Beautiful South
 The Beautiful South
The Beautiful South were an English pop group formed in 1988 by Paul Heaton and
Dave Hemingway, two former members of the Hull group the Housemartins, both of
whom performed lead and backing vocals. Other members throughout the band's
tenure were former Housemartins roadie Sean Welch (bass), Dave Stead (drums)
and Dave Rotheray (guitar). After the band's first album (recorded as a quintet), they
were joined by a succession of female vocalists, all of whom performed lead and
backing vocals alongside Heaton and Hemingway – Briana Corrigan for albums two
and three after appearing as a guest vocalist on one, followed by Jacqui Abbott for
the fourth to seventh albums, and finally Alison Wheeler for the final three Beautiful
South albums.
 THERE IS SONG
There's a bench in every park dedicated to
Those who sat there once but didn't make it through
There are names carved deep in bark on every tree
By those who spent their time like you and me

And wherever geography may place you now

There's a piece of history all folk carry around
Whatever your situation, whatever it may allow
There's an even larger piece in every lost and found

There is song, there's always a song

Wherever there's perfection there's a wrong
There's always song but a broken bond
And an unkissed frog in every village pond

There's a name that we graffiti'd up on a wall

To the folks who live there now, makes no sense at all
And in every underpass, on every street
A promise someone made but couldn't keep

A tiny piece of chalk in every coat

In every film the smallest lump in throat
In every song you've sung in every novel read
That unkissed love will rear, rear its head

There is song, there's always song

Wherever there's a right there's always wrong
There's always a song but a broken bond
And an unkissed frog in every village pond
GRAMMAR ANALISIS OF THE SONG:

VERBS NOUNS
 Spend  Perfection
 Sit  Song
 Make  Frog
 Carve  Village
 Place  Love
 Lose  Head
 Find  Chalk
 Sing  Lump
 Carry  Wall

There is There are

 There is a bench  There are names
 There is an even large peace 
 There is a song
 There is a piece of history
 There is perfection
 There is a wrong

PRONOUNS
 I
 You
 It