Disaster Readiness

and
Risk Reduction
(A Report About Tsunami,
Rainfall-induced landslides,
Volcanic Eruption and
Sinkholes)
 Group 1
Reporters:
Jenelyn Cada
Katelyn Pangilinan
Abigail David
Ariane Red Escoto
Bryan Jolo Antonio
Rodruey Simbul
Errold Paruli
Wendell Montoya
P a s s w o r d
 What is a Tsunami?
• Also known as “seismic sea wave”
• Tsunami means “harbor wave” in
Japanese
• They are giant waves that as travels in
land build up to higher and higher heights
as the depth of the ocean decreases.
• Reach heights of over 100 feet (30.5
meters) onto land these walls of water can
cause widespread destruction when they
crash ashore.
What causes a Tsunami?
What causes a Tsunami?
• Earthquake - it results to a sudden rise or
fall of the earth’s crust. This movement
cause the water above to rise or fall,
creating a tsunami
• Volcanic eruption and underwater
landslide - a collapse of a coastal or
underwater volcano can cause a landslide
leading to tsunami. Underwater eruptions
where hot magma and cold sea water
meet can create a steam explosion
 Where is a Tsunami most
likely to happen?

• Every coastal area and river estuary is

potentially threatened by tsunamis, but
they are most likely to happen on shores
facing directly a megathrust. Scientists
estimate that almost three quarter of the
world tsunamis occur in the Pacific
Ocean, where the megathrusts
(subduction zones) are so common
(Aleutian Islands, Alaska, Chile, Philippines,
 What are the effects of
Tsunami?
• The effects of the tsunami on the country
during this period range from destruction
and damage, death, injury, millions of
dollars in financial loss, and long lasting
psychological problems for the
inhabitants of the region.
Sumatra, Indonesia –
(December 26, 2004)
North Pacific Coast, Japan-
(March 11, 2011)
 Lisbon, Portugal –
(November 1, 1755)
 What to do during a
Tsunami?
• First, protect yourself from an Earthquake.
Drop, Cover, then Hold On.
• Get to high ground as far inland as
possible.
• Be alert to signs of a tsunami, such as a
sudden rise or draining of ocean waters.
• Listen to emergency information and
alerts.
• Evacuate: DO NOT wait! Leave as soon as
you see any natural signs of a tsunami or
receive an official tsunami warning.
 What to do after a
Tsunami?
• Listen to local alerts and authorities for
information on areas to avoid and shelter
locations.
• Avoid wading in floodwater, which can
contain dangerous debris. Water may be
deeper than it appears.
• Be aware of the risk of electrocution.
Underground or downed power lines can
electrically charge water. Do not touch
electrical equipment if it is wet or if you are
standing in water.
• Stay away from damaged buildings,
roads, and bridges
• Document property damage with
Rainfall-Induced
Landslides
 What is a Rainfall-induced
landslide?
• Is a common incident in terrain with steep
topography and soils that have degradable
strength, resulting in a large number of
casualties and enormous economic damages.
• It is a hazardous phenomena that could
cause several damages to infrastructures and
people.
• Commonly occur under conditions of
transient infiltration into initially
unsaturated soil.
• Many of this transform into debris flows
(fast moving slurries of water, soil and rock)
as they travel down steep slope, especially
 What is the cause of a
Rainfall-induced landslide?
• Heavy rainfall caused failure in the
mountainous areas of the towns.
• The causes of rainfall landslides are usually
related to instabilities in slopes. It is
usually possible to identify one or more
landslide causes and one landslide trigger.
 Where is a Rainfall-induced
landslide most likely to happen?
• Landslides occur everywhere in the world,
but the danger of rainfall-induced slides
tends to be much greater in tropical
mountainous regions like those in the
Philippines, Central and South America,
and southeastern Asia. Steep terrain,
combined with the heavy rains brought by
monsoon seasons, hurricanes, and
typhoons puts dense populations at risk.
 Types of Rainfall Induced
Landslides:
• Earthquake induced landslides- are
sometimes larger than damages
related to the shaking of the
earthquake itself.
• Endo-genetic landslides (no external
trigger)
• Pre-existing landslides
 What are the effects of Rainfall-
induced landslide?
• Landslide destroys everything and
anything that comes on their path
• Fatalities depends on the place and time
of occurrence
• Estimated casualties per year, world-
wide: 600-1000persons
 Top 3 worst Rainfall-
induced landslide in the
Philippines
Cherry Hills Landslide in
Antipolo City
(August 3,1999)
Panaon Island in Southern
Leyte
(December 19, 2003)
Guinsaugon Landslide in Saint
Bernard, Southern Leyte
(February 11, 2006)
 What to do during a
Rainfall-induced landslide?
What to do during a Rainfall-
induced landslide?
• Listen to local news stations on a
battery-powered radio for warnings of
heavy rainfall.
• Listen for unusual sounds that might
indicate moving debris, such as trees
cracking or boulders knocking together.
• Move away from the path of a landslide
or debris flow as quickly as possible.
The danger from a mudflow increases near
stream channels and with prolonged heavy
rains. Mudflows can move faster than you
What to do during a Rainfall-
induced landslide?
• Avoid river valleys and low-lying areas.
• If you are near a stream or channel, be
alert for any sudden increase or decrease
in water flow and notice whether the water
changes from clear to muddy. Such
changes may mean there is debris flow
activity upstream so be prepared to move
quickly.
 What to do after a Rainfall-
induced landslide?
• Go to a designated public shelter if you
have been told to evacuate or you feel it is
unsafe to remain in your home
• Stay away from the slide area. There may
be danger of additional slides.
• Listen to local radio or television stations
for the latest emergency information.
• Watch for flooding, which may occur
after a landslide or debris flow. Floods
sometimes follow landslides and debris
flows because they may both be started by
 What to do after a Rainfall-
induced landslide?
• Check for injured and trapped persons
near the slide, without entering the direct
slide area. Direct rescuers to their
locations.
• Look for and report broken utility lines
and damaged roadways and railways to
appropriate authorities. Reporting
potential hazards will get the utilities
turned off as quickly as possible,
preventing further hazard and injury.
• Replant damaged ground as soon as
Volcanic
 What is a Volcanic
eruption?
• occurs when hot materials from the
Earth's interior are thrown out of a
volcano. Lava, rocks, dust, and gas
compounds are some of these "ejecta".
• “volcanologist” a highly educated
specialist in geophysics who studies
active and inactive volcanoes.
 What is a Volcanic eruption?
• “volcanoes” are formed when the edges
of tectonic plates meet. These regions
are called convergent boundaries. When
they collide, they are called subduction
zones. One tectonic plate moves under the
another plate, pushing it down into the
upper mantle. This causes a change in the
temperature and pressure above the
submerged plate. Magma then forms as a
result of lower pressure and increased
 What causes a Volcanic
Eruption?
• Volcano eruptions happen when
magma erupts from beneath the
Earth's crust. When a volcano erupts,
the magma becomes lava and shoots
into the air, eventually running down
the side of the volcano.
 Where is Volcanic Eruption
most likely to happen?
• Sixty percent of all active volcanoes occur
at the boundaries between tectonic plates.
Most volcanoes are found along a belt,
called the “Ring of Fire” that encircles the
Pacific Ocean. Some volcanoes, like those
that form the Hawaiian Islands, occur in
the interior of plates at areas called “hot
spots.
 There are two predominant
types of volcanic eruptions:
• Effusive eruptions – magma rises
through the surface and flows out
of the volcano as a viscous liquid
called lava.
• Explosive eruptions – magma is
torn apart as it rises and reaches
the surface in pieces known as
pyroclasts.
What are the effects of a Volcanic
Eruption?
• Dangerous Effects - Volcanic eruptions can
cause earthquakes, fast floods, mud
slides, and rock falls.
• Lava can travel very far and burn, bury, or
damage anything in its path, including
people, houses, and trees.
• The large amount of dust and ash can
cause roofs to fall, makes it hard to
breathe, and is normally very smelly.
• The ground around the volcano is not
 What are the effects of a
Volcanic Eruption?
• Good Effects - The main good effect that
volcanoes have on the environment is to
give vitamins to the soil around them.
Volcanic ash contains minerals that help
plants grow, and if the ash is very soft,
it will quickly get mixed into the soil.
• Another good thing about volcanoes is
that their sides are often steep and hard
to reach, making them a safe place for
plants and animals to live.
• Also, volcanoes are a very important
source of life. Their gases are what
created our water and atmosphere. This
 Top 3 Active
volcanoes on the
Philippines
Mayon Volcano
Taal Volcano
Mount Kanlaon
What to do during a Volcanic
Eruption?
 What to do during a
•
Volcanic Eruption?
Follow the evacuation order issued by
authorities and evacuate immediately from
the volcano area to avoid flying debris, hot
gases, lateral blast and lava flow.
• Be aware of mudflows. The danger from a
mudflow increases near stream channels and
with prolonged heavy rains. Mudflows can
move faster than you can walk or run. Look
upstream before crossing a bridge and do
not cross the bridge if a mudflow is
approaching.
What to do after a Rainfall-
induced landslide?
• Go to a designated public shelter if you
have been told to evacuate or you feel it is
unsafe to remain in your home. Find your
local shelter here (linked to local shelter
section)
• Local authorities may not immediately
be able to provide information on what
is happening and what you should do.
However, you should watch TV, listen to
the radio or check the Internet often for
Sinkhol
 What is a Sinkhole?
• A sinkhole is a depression in the ground
that has no natural external surface
drainage. Basically, this means that when it
rains, all of the water stays inside the
sinkhole and typically drains into the
subsurface. It can also called as
shakehole,swallet,doline or a swallow hole.
• Sinkholes are most common in what
geologists call, “karst terrain.” These are
regions where the types of rock below the
land surface can naturally be dissolved by
 What causes a
Sinkhole?
• Natural sinkholes happens due to erosion
or underground water
• Activities like drilling, mining,
construction, broken water or drain
pipes, improperly compacted soil after
excavation work or even heavy traffic
can result in small to large sinkholes
• Areas that have a bedrock made of
limestone, salt deposits or carbonate
rock are most susceptible to erosion
Where is Sinkholes
most likely to
happen?
• The most damage from
sinkholes tends to occur in
Florida, Texas, Alabama,
Missouri, Kentucky,
Tennessee, and Pennsylvania.
Types of Sinkhole
• Solution sinkholes
• Cover Collapse sinkhole
• Cover Subsidence Sinkhole
 What are the effects
of a Sinkhole?
• They can cause a lot of damage to
human life and property.
• Some holes are formed due to the leak in
underground storm drains and sewer
systems. When they collapse, the damage
can be seen for many miles due to the
repairs that become necessary. They can
be dangerous to the foundations of the
building.
• Toxic chemicals beneath the earth can
 Top 3 Active
volcanoes on the
Philippines,
Top 3 worst
Rainfall-induced
landslide in the
Philippines,
Top 3 worst

Top 3 worst
Tsunamis in the
world

sinkholes
Ubar
Guatemala City
St Jude, Quebec
 What to do during a
sinkhole?
• Don’t get too close, watch out for surface
cracks and stay well back
• If the hole is very large and a risk to
others, contact local police or
emergency responders
• Keep children away
• Notify all local occupants
• Notify the local Water Management
District
What to do during a sinkhole?
• Mark the hole for safety and to restrict
access (Use posts with caution tape or
rope)
• Place a piece of plywood over small
holes
• Take photographs for documentation,
but do not get too close to the edges
• Do not allow unauthorized or
inexperienced persons to investigate
the sinkhole
 What to do after a Sinkhole?
• Main priority is to calm yourself and
undertake the tasks of clean-up and
salvage. Refilling and repairing Sinkholes
should only be carried out by qualified,
reliable people or companies.
• Do not refill a sinkhole with trash or debris
because filling a sinkhole with waste
materials is illegal and may cause
groundwater contamination for which the
property owner would be liable. If the
amount of material needed to fill the hole
 Sinkholes in the
Philippines
• After a 7.2 magnitude earthquake
happened in Bohol, the officials found
100 sinkholes in nine towns and
one city in Bohol. Many families qere
evacuated due to the dangerous
effects of sinkholes. The government
said that a team from Mines and
Geosciences Bureau assessed the
sinkholes and advised them to fill the