FLOODS

A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry. [1] The European Union
(EU) Floods Directive defines a flood as a covering by water of land not normally covered by
water.[2] In the sense of "flowing water", the word may also be applied to the inflow of the tide.
Floods are an area of study of the discipline hydrology and are of significant concern in
agriculture, civil engineering and public health.

SOIL LIQUEFACTION
A Phenomenon whereby a saturated or partially saturated soil substantially loses strength and
stiffness in response to an applied stress, usually earthquake shaking or other sudden change in
stress condition, causing it to behave like a liquid” is called Soil Liquefaction (Hazen,1918).

TSUNAMI
Tsunamis are giant waves caused by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions under the sea. Out in the
depths of the ocean, tsunami waves do not dramatically increase in height. But as the waves
travel inland, they build up to higher and higher heights as the depth of the ocean decreases. The
speed of tsunami waves depends on ocean depth rather than the distance from the source of the
wave. Tsunami waves may travel as fast as jet planes over deep waters, only slowing down when
reaching shallow waters. While tsunamis are often referred to as tidal waves, this name is
discouraged by oceanographers because tides have little to do with these giant waves.
HUMAN CAUSE
Bottom line: Landslides are mainly caused by gravity acting on weakened rocks and soil that
make up a sloping area of land. Both natural and human-related activities can increase the risk
for landslides. Water from heavy rainfall is a frequent trigger for landslides.

FIRE
Fire is the rapid oxidation of a material in the exothermic chemical process of combustion,
releasing heat, light, and various reaction products. Slower oxidative processes like rusting or
digestion are not included by this definition.

LANDSLIDE AND AVALANCHES

The term landslide or, less frequently, landslip,[1] refers to several forms of mass wasting that
include a wide range of ground movements, such as rockfalls, deep-seated slope failures,
mudflows and debris flows. Landslides can occur underwater, in which case they are called
submarine landslides, and in coastal and onshore environments. Although the action of gravity is
the primary driving force for a landslide to occur, there are other contributing factors affecting
slope stability. Typically, pre-conditional factors build up specific surface or sub-surface
conditions that make a slope prone to failure, whereas the actual landslide often requires a trigger
before being released.

NATURAL CAUSEWhen earthquakes occur on areas with steep slopes, many times the
soil slips causing landslides. Furthermore, ashen debris flows caused by earthquakes can also
trigger mass movement of soil. Heavy Rainfall: When sloped areas become completely saturated
by heavy rainfall many times landslides can occur.
TSUNAMI
A tsunami (from Japanese: 津波, "harbour wave";[1] English pronunciation: /tsuːˈnɑːmi/ tsoo-
NAH-mee[2]) or tidal wave, also known as a seismic sea wave, is a series of waves in a water
body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large
lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions (including detonations of
underwater nuclear devices), landslides, glacier calvings, meteorite impacts and other
disturbances above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami.[3] Unlike normal
ocean waves, which are generated by wind, or tides, which are generated by the gravitational pull
of the Moon and the Sun, a tsunami is generated by the displacement of water.

DIRTY THUNDERSTORM
A dirty thunderstorm (also volcanic lightning, thunder volcano) is a weather phenomenon that is
related to the production of lightning in a volcanic plume.

TEPHRA FALLS
The term tephra defines all pieces of all fragments of rock ejected into the air by an erupting
volcano. Most tephra falls back onto the slopes of the volcano, enlarging it. But, billions of
smaller and lighter pieces less than 2 mm diameter (less than one tenth of an inch), termed ash,
are carried by winds for thousands of miles.

VOLCANIC GAS
Volcanic eruptions emit water vapor and toxic gases into the atmosphere. Learn about the gases
emitted from an erupting volcano, such as carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide,
hydrochloric acid and carbon monoxide and their effects in this video lesson.
EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
An earthquake is the sudden movement of the ground that releases elastic energy stored in rocks
and generates seismic waves.

These elastic waves radiate outward from the "source" and vibrate the ground.

Earthquakes are not the exclusive cause of seismic wave; explosions, planes, wind, storms, and
people also vibrate the ground.

GROUND SHAKING
Shaking of the ground caused by the passage of seismic waves, especially surface waves near
the epicentre of the earthquake are responsible for the most damage during an earthquake. The
intensity of ground shaking depends on:

 conditions of the local geology influence events: solid bedrock is far less subject to
intense shaking than loose sediment;

 duration and intensity of the earthquake are subject generally to the size of the
earthquake;

 distance: the distance from the epicentre drops off so the intensity of the shaking
decreases. This depends on the type of material underlying the area. There are however
some exceptions. The 1985 Earthquake in Mexico city (magnitude 8.1) had its epicentre
350 Km away to the south on the coast. Damage to city was extensive as Mexico city is
built on a former lake made up of soft unconsolidated sediment (see: Liquefaction further
down).

VOLCANIC ERUPTION
Volcanic eruptions happen when lava and gas are discharged from a volcanic vent. The most
common consequences of this are population movements as large numbers of people are often
forced to flee the moving lava flow. Volcanic eruptions often cause temporary food shortages and
volcanic ash landslides called Lahar.
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
Hazardous Volcanic Events. There are several kinds of events caused fromvolcanic action that
can be harmful to life and property. These include lava flows, lahars, ash falls, debris avalanches,
and pyroclastic density currents.

Pyroclastic flows sweep down the flanks of Mayon Volcano, Philippines, in 1984

PYROCLASTIC DENSITY CURRENTS

A pyroclastic flow (also known as a pyroclastic density current or a pyroclastic cloud)[1] is a
fast-moving current of hot gas and volcanic matter (collectively known as tephra) that moves
away from a volcano about 100 km/h (62 mph) on average but is capable of reaching speeds up
to 700 km/h (430 mph).[2] The gases can reach temperatures of about 1,000 °C (1,830 °F).
Pyroclastic flows are a common and devastating result of certain explosive eruptions; they
normally touch the ground and hurtle downhill, or spread laterally under gravity. Their speed
depends upon the density of the current, the volcanic output rate, and the gradient of the slope.

LAHARS
A lahar ( /ˈlɑːhɑːr/, from Javanese: ꦮꦮꦮꦮꦮ, translit. wlahar) is a violent type
of mudflow or debris flow composed of a slurry of pyroclastic material, rocky debris and water.
The material flows down from a volcano, typically along a river valley.[1]
Lahars are extremely destructive: they can flow tens of metres per second (22 mph or more),
they have been known to be up to 140 metres (460 ft) deep, and large flows tend to destroy any
structures in their path. They have even been known to decimate entire settlements. Notable
lahars include those at Mount Pinatubo and Nevado del Ruiz, the latter of which killed thousands
of people and caused extensive damage to infrastructure.
DEBRIS
Debris or débris is rubble, wreckage, ruins, litter and discarded garbage/refuse/trash, scattered
remains of something destroyed, discarded, or as in geology, large rock fragments left by a
melting glacier etc. Depending on context, debris can refer to a number of different things.

Lava Flows
Lava flows are the least hazardous of all processes in volcanic eruptions. How far a lava
flow travels depends on the flows temperature, silica content, extrusion rate, and slope of
the land. A cold lava flow will not travel far and neither will one that has a high silica
content. Such a flow would have a high viscosity (a high resistance to flow). A basalt flow
like those in Hawai'i have low silica contents and low viscosities so they can flow long
distances. Such a flow can move as far away as 4 km from its source and have a thickness
of 10 m (Bryant, 1991). These flows can move at rates of several kilometers per hour
(Scott, 1989). More silica-rich flows can move as far away as 1.3 km from their sources
and have thicknesses of 100 m (Bryant, 1991). These flows can move at rates of a few to
hundreds of meters per hour (Scott, 1989). If a lava flow is channelized or travels
underground in a lava tube then the distance it travels is greatly extended.

SUBMITTED BY: JOHN LOID D. OMAPAS

SUBMITTED TO: MRS, CECILE AFINIDAD
SUBMITTED BY: ALVIN P. GELAY
SUBMITTED TO: MRS, CECILE AFINIDAN
SUBMITTED BY: JAN LLOYD D. NACILLA
SUBMITTED TO: MRS, CECILE AFINIDAD

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