Chemistry

Matter
- anything that takes up space
- anything that has mass or weight
- anything that has a state

Particles Composing Matter

 Atoms
- Smallest unit of an element (living/non-living)
- Consist of a nucleus, which contains protons and neutrons, surrounded by a cloud of
electrons.
 Molecules
- Made up of atoms of the same element.
 Ions
- Particles that have gained or lost one or more of their valence electrons.
- Charged particles (+,-)

Atoms Molecules Ions

A+B AB +,-
A+B+C ABC +,+,-
Na + Cl NaCl Na+ , Cl-

Three Main States of

Matter
 STATE SHAPE VOLUME COMPRESS FLOW
Solid Keeps shape Keeps volume NO NO
Liquid Takes shape of Keeps volume NO YES
container
GAS Takes shape of Takes volume of YES YES
container container

Particle Arrangement
 Solid
- Arranged in a regular shape
- Compact
 Liquid
- No regular arrangement
- Particles in contact and slide over each other
 Gas
- Random arrangement
- Very far apart
- Weak forces between particles
- Can move in all directions

Molecular Arrangement Transforms Through Energy Reactions

M A T T E R

 When you heat water, the molecules move fast which causes evaporation.

Kinetic Energy 
Particle Motions 
Force of Attraction Between Particles 

 Higher kinetic energy leads to more rapid and energetic particle motion.

Changes of State
  Absorbs / Requires
Energy
 Gives Off Energy

 Melting (Solid to Liquid)

- Ice melting into liquid water
 Candle wax melting Solidification/Freezing (Liquid to Solid)
- Liquid water freezing
- Molten lava solidifying
 Evaporation (Liquid to Gas)
- Puddles of water drying up on a hot summer day.
- Wet clothes drying on a clothesline.
 Condensation (Gas to Liquid)
- Water vapor in the air condensing into tiny water droplets.
- Morning dew forming on grass and leaves as the air cools during the night.
 Sublimation (Solid to Gas)
- Dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) sublimating directly into carbon dioxide gas without
melting.
- Mothballs slowly disappearing over time.
- Iodine
 Deposition (Gas to Solid)
- Ex. Snowflakes, Frost
 Transpiration- Evaporation of water through plants
- water droplets forming on the leaves of a plant on a hot day
 Precipitation- Form of water, liquid or solid, that falls from the atmosphere to the Earth's surface
- Ex. rain, snow, sleet, and hail
 Endothermic Reaction
- A reaction that the system absorbs from its surrounding in the form of heat.
- Ex. Boiling water, meting ice, photosynthesis in plants
 Exothermic Reaction
- A reaction that releases energy from the system in the form of heat.
- Ex. Fireplace
Other States of Matter
 Plasma
- Unique and high energy state of matter
- Exists at extremely high temperature
- In the presence of intense electromagnetic waves
- Ex. Stars, plasma tv
 Bose-Einstein Condensate
- Occurs at extremely low temperature (near ablsolute zero)
- Composed of Bosons
- Ex. Universe, superfluidity, superconductivity
 Fermionic Condensate
- Composed of fermions
- Extreme cooling
- Can occur in a mixture of different fermionic atoms.

Properties of Matter
 According to changed involved during measurements of the property
a) Physical Properties
 These can be measured and observed without changing the composition of the
substance.
b) Chemical Properties
 These are the ability of a substance to react with other substances such as air,
water, and base.

i. Chemical Change- a chemical

reaction forms a new product.
- Ex. burning, cooking, rusting,
and rotting

ii. Physical Change- matter

changes form but not
chemical identity.
- Ex. boiling, melting, freezing,
and shredding
  According to dependence on amount of matter
a) Intensive Properties
 It does not depend on the size or amount of the sample.
b) Extensive Properties
 These can be affected by the size and amount of samples

Intensive Physical Properties Extensive Physical Properties

Color Melting Point Viscosity Mass
Solubility Conductivity Boiling Point Volume
Luster Temperature Odor Length

Chemical Properties

1. Combustibility- Does it catch fire easily?

2. Stability- Can it decompose easily?
3. Reactivity- Does it react with things like acids, bases, and oxygen?
4. Relative Activity- Is it more or less active than similar substances?
5. Ionization- Does it break into different particles when mixed with water?
6. Toxicity- Can it harm living things?

Pure Substance

1. Element- cannot be broken down into simpler substance

2. Compound- composed of two or more elements combined

Mixture

1. Homogenous- substances are in one state. (solution)

 2. Heterogenous- combination of many states. (not uniform)

How to Separate Mixtures

1. Evaporation- Turning liquid into gas. Useful for salt solutions.

2. Filtration- Separating solids and liquids in a mix.
 Residue = What's left on filter paper.
 Filtrate = What’s at the bottom of the funnel.
3. Decantation- Separating solids from liquids.
- Solid to liquid transition.
- Useful for separating liquids in a solution.
4. Distillation- Separating mixtures with different boiling points.
5. Using a Magnet- Separating metals with a magnet.
- Magnetic vs. non-magnetic.
6. Chromatography- Separating complex mixtures.
- Sorts compounds with similar properties.

Pure Substance and Mixtures in Consumer Products

a. Consumer Product- Things you buy for use.

b. Convenience Product- Things lots of people buy regularly.
1. Household Cleaning Materials
- Ex. Bleach
- Zonrox = Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl)
- Agua Oxinada = Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)
2. Personal Care Products
- Stuff for looking good and feeling fresh.
- These products help clean and beautify you.
ATOMS

“The INVISIBLE architects of the VISIBLE universe”

Atomic Models
1. DEMOCRITUS’ ATOMIC MODEL
- He claimed that matter was made of small hard particles called “Atomos.”
2. John Dalton- DALTON’S MODEL
- Dalton viewed atoms as tiny solid balls.
3. Joseph John Thomson
- The atom was made of smaller things.
4. Ernest Rutherford- RUTHERFORD’S ATOMIC MODEL
- Contains small dense nuclear center containing + charges

5. Niels Henrik David Bohr- BOHR’S

ATOMIC MODEL
- Electrons move around the nucleus in specific layers or shells.
6. James Chadwick
- He discovered particles with no charge.
Modern View of Atomic Structure

The atom contains:

a. Electrons- found outside the nucleus; negatively charged.

b. Protons- found in the nucleus; positive charge equal in magnitude to the electron’s negative
charge.
c. Neutrons- found in the nucleus; no charge; virtually the same mass as a proton.

The NUCLEUS is:

- Small compared with the overall size of the atom.

- Extremely dense; accounts for almost all of the atom’s mass.
Ex. A certain isotope X contains 17 protons and 18 neutrons.

What is the number of electrons? 17

Identify the element. Chlorine