1)

(i) The tare function on scales helps reset the weight to zero, even if there is something
already on the scale. This is useful when you need to weigh something but the container
holding it also adds weight. By using the tare function, you can reset the scale to only show
the weight of the item you want to weigh.

(ii) Fossils are the remains of animals or plants that lived a long time ago. Chemistry is used
to understand fossils by providing information about what they are made of. One way that
organic matter can be preserved as a fossil is through mineralization. This happens when
minerals in surrounding rocks replace the organic matter, forming a hard, mineralized fossil.

(iii) The Archimedes principle is a scientific principle that explains buoyancy of objects in a
fluid. It says that any object, whether it is fully or partially underwater, is subject to an
upward force called the buoyant force, which is equivalent to the weight of the fluid
displaced by the object. This principle is based on an observation made by the ancient Greek
mathematician Archimedes, who realized that when he submerged himself in a bathtub, the
water level rose, and he was able to determine the volume of his body by the amount of
water that was displaced.

(iv) Erosion is when soil, sand, or rocks are moved from one place to another by wind, water,
or ice. It happens because these natural forces can wear down the material over time. For
example, if a river flows through a certain area for a long time, it will eventually wear away
the soil and rocks along its path, changing the landscape

(v) Molecules are made up of atoms that join together. These atoms can be the same or
different. When two or more atoms join together, they form a molecule. The properties of
the molecule are different from the properties of the individual atoms. The way the atoms
are arranged in the molecule determines its shape, size, and characteristics.

(vi) Alloys are special mixtures made by combining two or more metals. They are created to
produce a material with better properties than the individual metals on their own. The
resulting alloy can have improved strength, durability, corrosion resistance, and other
characteristics that make it useful in various applications. Examples of alloys include steel,
brass, bronze, and stainless steel.

2)
A:

Metals Non-metals

Metals are good conductors of Nonmetals have a dull and non-

heat and electricity. reflective lustre.

Metals are good conductors of Nonmetals are poor conductors

heat and electricity. of heat and electricity

High thermal conductivity Low thermal conductivity

 Eg: magnesium, steel, and tin Eg: hydrogen, helium, oxygen

B:

Miscible Liquids Immiscible Liquids

Two or more liquids which fully dissolve in Two or more liquids which do not mix and
each other and form a homogeneous form separate layers are called immiscible
solution are called miscible liquids. liquids.

Solubility: Miscible liquids have a high Solubility: Immiscible liquids have a low
degree of solubility in each other. degree of solubility in each other.

Miscible liquids mix easily and form a Immiscible liquids do not mix and form
single-phase solution. separate layers, one floating over the other

Water and ethanol, acetone and methanol, : Oil and water, mercury and water, hexane
ethanol and benzene. and water.

C:

Mixtures Compounds

Mixtures are made up of two or more

substances that are distinct, and each a compound is formed when two or
substance retains its specific properties more different elements chemically
combine in a specific ratio to form a
new substance.

Made up of two or more substances that Composed of two or more elements that
retain their properties and can be separated chemically combine in a specific ratio to
physically. form a new substance

The components of the mixture are not The elements in a compound always occur
present in fixed proportions. in a definite proportion.

D:

Igneous rocks are the result of the solidification of molten rock, or magma. They can be
classified into two major types - intrusive and extrusive rocks, based on their formation and
characteristics. In this table, we will compare and contrast intrusive and extrusive igneous
rocks.

Intrusive Igneous rocks are formed from magma that cools slowly beneath the earth's surface.
Extrusive igneous rocks are Formed from lava that cools quickly on or near the earth's
surface.
Intrusive Cooling Rate: Cools slowly, which results in large crystals in rock.
Extrusive Cooling rate: Cools quickly, which results in small crystals in rock.

Intrusive igneous rocks, such as granite or gabbro, are formed deep within the earth's crust
from slowly-cooling magma. Due to their slow cooling rate, they contain large crystals and
have a coarse-grained texture, making them easily visible to the naked eye.

On the other hand, extrusive igneous rocks, such as basalt or andesite, are formed on or near
the earth's surface from rapidly cooling lava. They contain small crystals and have a fine-
grained texture, making them difficult to see without a magnifying glass or microscope.

In terms of mineral composition, intrusive rocks tend to be rich in dark-colored minerals such
as mica, amphiboles, and pyroxenes. Extrusive rocks, on the other hand, are rich in light-
coloured minerals such as quartz, feldspar, and muscovite.

In conclusion, understanding the differences between intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks
can help geologists identify and classify various rocks found on or beneath the Earth's
surface.

E:
Lava and magma are both molten materials found beneath the Earth’s surface. However, the
difference between them lies in their location. Magma is the molten rock found beneath the
Earth’s surface, while lava is the hot molten rock that flows out of volcanoes and onto the
Earth’s surface. Magma can contain gas bubbles and solid minerals, and it can be thick or thin
in consistency. Lava is usually less dense and flows more easily than magma because it has
already released gas and settled any solid minerals. Therefore, magma flows slowly while
lava flows fast and can be very dangerous.

3) a is cadmium
B is silver

4)
The atomic number of magnesium is 12.
The atomic number of neon is 10.

5)
(i) Al2(SO4)3
(ii) CaCO3
(iii) C6H12O6
(iv) NaCl

6)
1. Compound
2. Igneous rock
3. Chemical change
4. Mixture
5. Physical change
6. Clastic sedimentary rock
7. Metamorphic rock
8. Chemical change
9. Metamorphic rock
10. Compound

7)
1. human reflux
2. instrumental error

8) The average of 38mm, 64mm, 42mm, 56mm, 40mm, 21mm

=
38+64+42+56+40+21
= 261
Average = value sum/total no. of values
Average = 261/6
The average is 43.5mm

9)
The biggest value for this measurement is 38.5+0.6= 39.1cm
The smallest value for this measurement is 38.5-0.6= 37.9cm

10) density= 4.3g/cm3

Mass= 18g
The volume is mass/density
= 18/4.3
=4.19cm3

11) Mass= 65g

Volume= 3x3x3
= 27cm3
Density= mass/volume
Density= 65/27
=2.41g/cm3

12)
No of protons and electrons: 73
No of neutrons: 108

13)
* sent separately*

14)
a. Calcium carbonate+ Nitric acid Calcium nitrate + Water +Carbon dioxide
b. Sulfuric acid+ zinc oxide Zinc Sulphite + Water

15) Colloids are a type of mixture where small particles are evenly spread throughout a
different substance, usually a liquid. The particles in a colloid are too small to see with the
naked eye, but they are big enough to scatter light and make the mixture look cloudy or
opaque. Examples of colloids include milk and fog. Unlike solutions, colloids do not
completely dissolve or settle over time. Instead, the particles remain suspended throughout
the mixture.

16) 6 carbon, 22 hydrogen, and 11 oxygen atoms are present in the compound.