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What I Need To Know
This module is designed to deepen your knowledge about Rocks and Exogenic
Processes.
The module is divided into two lessons, namely:
Lesson 1 – Rocks
Lesson 2 – Exogenic Processes
Lesson
Earth Materials and Processes: Rocks
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To geologists, a rock is a natural substance composed of solid crystals of different minerals that
have been fused together into a solid lump. The minerals ay or may not have been formed at
the same time. What matters is that natural processes glued them all together.
What’s In
2. FACT: There are four earth subsystems, namely the atmosphere, the biosphere, the
lithosphere and the hydrosphere.
QUESTION: Which subsystem includes the rocks of the crust and mantle, the metallic liquid
outer core, and the solid metallic inner core.
ANSWER: ____________________________________________________________
3. FACT: Minerals are known as the basic building blocks of rocks. They also have chemical
and physical properties.
QUESTION: What property describes the “sparkles” of the mineral surfaces?
ANSWER: ____________________________________________________________
What’s New
Activity 2. Unscramble Me
Rearrange the letters in the boxes below to get the correct term being described.
1. It is molten (melted) rock under the surface of the Earth. It is produced in the upper reaches
of the mantle or in the lowest areas of the crust usually at a depth of 50 to 200 kilometers.
G M A A M
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2. It is the process of breaking down rocks and minerals into smaller pieces by water, wind, and
ice.
G E T R W A H N I E
What is It
Rocks are classified according to how they are formed.
• Extrusive rocks – (or volcanic rocks) are igneous rocks formed on the surface of the earth.
They are cooled lava, which are molten rocks ejected on the surface through volcanic eruptions.
They are fine-grained due to abrupt cooling on the surface.
• Clastic sedimentary rocks – are made up of sediments from preexisting rocks. When
preexisting rocks are physically weathered and eroded, they form sediments. When these
sediments are transported, deposited, and lithified, they form the clastic sedimentary rocks.
These rocks can be identified based on their grain size.
• Non-foliated metamorphic rocks – do not have layered appearance. (e.g. marble, quartzite,
and anthracite); formed through contact metamorphism (heat)
What’s More
The rock cycle below illustrates how geologic processes occurring both at the surface and
underneath the Earth’s surface can change a rock from one type to another. Study the
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illustration carefully focusing on the geologic processes involved in the formation of each type of
rocks.
Activity 3. Complete Me
Directions: Fill in the box with the correct word/s to complete the Rock Cycle. Choose your
answer from the word bank below. Write the letter only.
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Figure 2. The Rock Cycle https://tinyurl.com/vsek29bp
Figure 3. https://tinyurl.com/srx9fm73
What I Can Do
Gather at least two rocks in your surroundings, try to identify its type. Take a photo of the
rocks you gathered and send it to your teacher’s messenger account.
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(Photo Credits: Ruth Lauron)
What’s In
Based on the picture below, what do you think is the type of rock that is dominant in that specific
area? Why? Explicate your idea/s in not more than 4 sentences.
What’s New
Directions: Refer to the illustration below. Label the numbered item, then define each.
What is It
Weathering, erosion/transportation, and deposition are exogenic processes that act in concert,
but in differing relative degrees, to bring about changes in the configuration of the Earth’s
surface . Weathering is the disintegration and decomposition of rock at or near the Earth's
surface. Erosion, on the other hand, is the incorporation and transportation of material by a
mobile agent such as water, wind, or ice. Weathering occurs in the site, that is, particles stay put
and no movement is involved. As soon as the weathering product starts moving (due to fluid
flow) we call the process erosion.
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(Adapted from https://bit.ly/32QGCO2 )
Agents of Erosion
A. Running water
• Water is the most powerful agent of erosion. Both surface and groundwater act as an agent of
erosion. Groundwater creates underground surfaces like caves while water running on land
surfaces creates land surfaces like deltas.
B. Moving Ice
• Ice is also a powerful agent of erosion. A large mass of moving ice is called a glacier. When
glaciers move, they carve their valleys, (U-shaped, Vshaped). Like rivers, glaciers break and
carry away rock fragments.
C. Action of Wind
• Like ice and water, wind erodes too, transports, and deposits rock materials. The action of the
wind is more prominent in arid and semi-arid regions. The flow of wind can change the shape
and size of the rocks.
D. Action of Waves
• In coastal areas, the sea is constantly eroding old landforms and creating new ones. The
marine erosion is also a type of wave erosion that creates landforms such as an arch, a sea
cave, etc.
E. Gravity
• Mass wasting or the downslope movement of soil, rock, and regolith is under the direct
influence of gravity. Mass wasting can be affected by the slope angle and addition of water to
the eroded material.
F. Man-made Erosion
• Man is responsible for erosions. Today man is the strongest agent of erosion. We see several
examples in our daily life. Cutting mountains and big rock bodies for road making, building
construction and farmlands, mining for precious metals, and construction materials are
examples of activities that trigger erosion.
Deposition occurs when the agents (wind or water) of erosion lay down sediment to its
depositional environment or final destination. The depositional environment can be continental,
coastal, or marine.
• Continental includes streams, swamps, caves, and deserts.
• Coastal includes lagoons, estuaries, and deltas.
• Marine includes slopes and the bottom of the ocean or abyssal zone.
What’s More
Mechanical weathering or physical weathering is the breakdown of rocks into pieces
without any change in its composition. In this process, the size and shape of rocks changes.
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In chemical weathering, there are changes in the composition of rocks due to the
chemical reactions.
Directions: Identify the type of weathering that caused the breaking of rock in each situation
below. Write MW for mechanical weathering or CW for chemical weathering.
1. Rock expands when hot and contracts when cold. Repeated expansion and contraction split
a rock into pieces.
2. Burrowing animals loosened rock particles and broke them apart.
3. Naturally-formed acid came in contact with a rock. After several years, minerals in rock
disintegrated and turned into sediments.
4. Oxygen in water reacted with iron in rocks forming rust. Due to rusting, the rock became
brittle and later broke into fine particles.
5. A boulder rolled down a cliff then shattered into pieces upon hitting the base.
Assessment
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What are the three main types of rocks?
A. Igneous, Sedimentary, and Foliated
B. Foliated, Non-Foliated, and Volcanic
C. Volcanic, Metamorphic, and Rocky
D. Metamorphic, Igneous, and Sedimentary
2. The three types of rocks are classified by which of the following basis?
A. How they form C. Grain size
B. Color D. Chemical Composition
3. Which rock type is formed from hardened magma beneath the Earth’s surface?
A. Intrusive metamorphic rock C. Extrusive sedimentary rock
B. Intrusive igneous rock D. Extrusive igneous rock
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4. A student obtained a cup of quartz sand from a beach. A saltwater solution is poured into the
sand and is allowed to evaporate. Afterwards, the mineral residue from salt water solution
cemented the sand grains together. Which of the following is most likely formed?
A. extrusive igneous rock C. metamorphic rock
B. intrusive igneous rock D. sedimentary rock
5. Which of the following represents the correct order of the processes responsible for the
formation of sedimentary rocks?
A. Compaction, cementation, deposition, weathering, erosion
B. Deposition, cementation, compaction, erosion, weathering
C. Erosion, weathering, compaction, cementation, deposition
D. Weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction, cementation
6. Which CANNOT be considered as an active agent of erosion in the Philippines?
A. wind B. water C. gravity D. glacier
7. Erosion has advantages and disadvantages. Which of the following is an advantage of
erosion?
A. It may cause rock materials to clog waterways.
B. It removes the fertile topsoil that is useful in farming.
C. It can expose new rock layers that are rich in minerals.
D. It can destruct structures such as bridges and buildings.
8. Which of the following statements is correct?
A. Weathering, erosion and deposition are endogenic processes.
B. Gravity is not an agent of erosion.
C. As of today, man is considered as the strongest agent of erosion.
D. Erosion and deposition mean the same thing.
9. The following can be a depositional environment except
A. continental B. coastal C. aerial D. marine
10. The significant contribution of weathering is the formation of soil. What is weathering?
A. It is the disintegration and decomposition of rocks at or near the earth’s surface.
B. It is the incorporation and transportation of material by a mobile agent.
C. It occurs when the agents of erosion lay down sediment/s to its final destination.
D. All of the above.
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References
Aborde, Joni S. 2020. Earth and Life Science, Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 1- Module 5:
Weathering, Erosion and Deposition. Region V: Department of Education.Bicol
Deinla, Winnie P. 2020. Earth and Life Science, Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 1- Module 9:
My Precious Igneous Rocks. National Capital Region: Department of Education.City of Manila
Commission on Higher Education. Teaching Guide for Senior High School Earth and Life
Science (2016) Commission on Higher Education
Learning Activity Sheets in Earth and Life Science (Grade 11) – Quarter 1.2020. Division of
Bohol
www.stetson.edu