This Week Covers:

Lesson 1: Exogenic Process

Lesson 2: The Earth's Internal Heat
Lesson 3: Magmatisms
 I. Gradation Processes –
Weathering, Mass
Lesson 1: Wasting,
Erosion/Transportation
Exogenic and Deposition

processes
 Learning Objectives:
• describe how rocks undergo weathering;
• identify the agents of erosion; and
• explain how the products of weathering are
carried away by erosion and deposited
elsewhere.
ROCK CYCLE
 exogenic processes
 geologic processes that occur on the surface of the Earth.
(External)

 It includes weathering, erosion, mass wasting and deposition.

 exogenic processes
Also called Gradational Processes, they comprise degradation and
aggradation – they modify relief

1.Degradation Processes- Also called Denudation Processes.

Weathering , Mass Wasting, Erosion and Transportation
2. Aggradation Processes
Deposition – fluvial, eolian, glacial, coastal
Relationship?
Together,
these processes are
responsible for
Denudation
of Earth’s surface
 weathering
is the process of disintegration (physical) and
decomposition (chemical) of rocks.

is a process of breaking down rocks into small particles such a

sand, clay, gravel and other fragments.

Weathering occurs in situ (in place) that is, particles stay put
and no movement is involved.
 Types of Weathering
• Mechanical Weathering/Physical weathering -
is the breakdown of rocks into pieces without
any change in its composition.
2. Chemical Weathering- there are changes in the
composition of rocks due to the chemical reactions
 Mechanical/ Physical Weathering

® is the breakdown of rocks into pieces without any change

in its composition via weather elements: high temperatures
and Pressure

® In this process, the size and shape of rocks changes

Processes that lead to the mechanical disintegration of rocks:
Frost Wedging- when water gets inside the joints, alternate freezing and thawing
episodes the ice expands and breaks the rock apart.
Organic Activity - The roots grow causing penetration into the crack, expand, and
in the long run, break the rock.
Abrasion – wearing away of rocks by constant collision of loose particles The
breakdown of rocks is caused by impact and friction
Human activities – Activities such as digging, quarrying, denuding forests and
cultivating land contribute to physical weathering.
Burrowing Animals- Animals like rats, rabbits and squirrels excavate into the
ground to create a space for habitation.
 Chemical Weathering

there are changes in the composition of rocks due to

chemical reactions.
 Major processes of chemical weathering :

Dissolution – It occurs in specific minerals which are dissolved in

water.
• The formation of stalactites and stalagmites in caves are brought
about by this chemical reaction.
Oxidation-reaction between minerals and oxygen dissolved in water
• Rusting is an example of this chemical reaction.
Hydrolysis-change in the composition of minerals when they react
with water