EARTH SCIENCE

COMPARE AND CONTRAST

IGNEOUS SEDIMENTARY
INTRUSIVE EXTRUSIVE
APHANITIC PHANERITIC
 EXOGENIC
PROCESSES
EARTH SCIENCE
 MAIN IDEA:
EARTH UNDERGOES CHANGE THROUGH WEATHERING
AND EROSION

ESSENTIAL QUESTION:
HOW DO WEATHERING AND EROSION CHANGE THE
EARTH’S SURFACE?
 What is Weathering?

• General term applied to the combined action of all physical and

chemical process that disintegrate and decomposed rocks near Earth’s
surface through the elements of weather.
• Begins as soon as rocks are exposed to one or more elements of
weather on the surface of Earth.
• The disintegration and decomposition processes act together, but one
may be dominant, depending on the climate.
• The weathered material lies on top of the unweathered layer of rock.
PHYSICAL WEATHERING
 Happens whenever rocks are broken up without any change in
their chemical composition.
 Also called mechanical weathering.
 Takes place in different ways depending on the factor that acts
on the rock.
 These factor include pressure, warm temperature, water and
ice.
 Examples of physical weathering include block disintegration,
exfoliation, and frost action.
 Block Disintegration
• Caused by successive heating and cooling which causes the
expansion and contraction of rock.
• High diurnal range of temperature of day and night causes
successive expansion and contraction of the rocks.
• Repeated expansion and contraction creates stress along the
joints, eventually breaking down the rock, block by block.
 EXFOLIATION

• The stripping of the outer layers of rocks due to intense heating.

• The inner layers remain almost unaffected by heat
• Successive expansion and contraction of the outer layer of the
rock peels off from the main rock in the form of concentric shells.
 Frost Weathering

• Refers to the alternate freezing and thawing of water inside the

joints of the rocks, causing them to split into small particles or
fragments.
• Occurs because the conversion of water into ice increases the
volume of water by 10% .
• The most important physical weathering process in cold regions.
 Chemical Weathering

• the weakening or disintegration of rocks and the

formation of new compounds or new substances
caused by chemical reaction.
• Chemical processes include oxidation, hydrolysis,
and acid reaction.
 OXIDATION

• process in which oxygen reacts with the rock and changes its minerals
composition.
• Observed on ferrous mineral, which contain iron, oxygen is humid air
reacts with iron in the rocks to form oxides of iron called rust.
• Oxygen in the humid air reacts with iron in the rocks to form oxides of iron
called rust. Rust can break down rocks completely, given enough amount of
time.
 CARBONATION
• process involving the formation of various types of carbonates in rocks.
• Some of the carbonates are soluble in water. Ex. Rainwater containing
carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid, it passes through permeable limestone
rocks.
• This process results in the enlargement of rocks and removal of lime,
which holds the particle together.
 HYDRATION

• the result of the absorption or combination of water and a particular

substance on the rock, leading to a change in shape.
• Addition of water in the rock increases its volume, which changes the
shape of the grains.
SOLUTION

• The process in which some of the minerals in rocks are directly

dissolved in water. As water continues to remove substances in rocks,
the rock is deformed, broken into pieces, and disintegrated
• Rock salt and gypsum are removed through this process.
BIOTIC WEATHERING

•the weathering or disintegration of rocks

by living organisms
PLANTS

• contribute to both chemical and physical weathering.

• roots of the plants penetrate into the joints of the rocks
searching for moisture. As the roots grow larger and thicker,
they exert pressure on the rocks. The pressure acts as a
wedge, widening and extending the cracks, and breaking the
rock into fragments.
ANIMALS

Animals like earthworms, rats, rabbits, termites and ants

breakdown the rocks through burrowing. These disintegrated
rocks can easily be exposed to more intense process, or be
eroded or removed by other agents. The action of microbes on
the rocks changes the chemical composition of rocks. This
makes the rocks more susceptible to weathering.
HUMAN

• plays an important role in the weathering of rock.

• provisions for agriculture, constructions of houses, and constructions of roads,
among others, require large amounts of rocks to be broken down.
• increase of acids rain is mainly due to human activities
• increase in pollution also results in an increased amount of weathering agents in
soil, water and wind.
1. What are the effects of climate change?
2. How do changes in weather affect you as a
student?
3. What are the effects of weathering?
4. How do weathering change the Earth's
surface?
3- Three things you have learned today.

2- Two things that you should never forget.

1- One thing that you will do after knowing the

concept learned.
 EARTH SCIENCE QUIZ (September 11, 2023)
IDENTIFICATION

1. The process involving the formation of various types of carbonates in rocks.

2. The weathering or disintegration of rocks by living organisms.
3. The stripping of the outer layers of rocks due to intense heating.
4. The general term applied to the combined action of all physical and chemical process that
disintegrate and decomposed rocks near Earth’s surface through the elements of weather.
5. The other term for physical weathering.
6. The repeated expansion and contraction creates stress along the joints, eventually breaking
down the rock, block by block.
7. The process in which some of the minerals in rocks are directly dissolved in water.
8. The most important physical weathering process in cold regions.
9. The weakening or disintegration of rocks and the formation of new compounds or new
substances caused by chemical reaction.
10.The process in which oxygen reacts with the rock and changes its minerals composition.
 EARTH SCIENCE QUIZ (September 11, 2023)

11.In frost weathering, the conversion of water into ice increases the volume of water by
how many percent?
12.The result of the absorption or combination of water and a particular substance on
the rock, leading to a change in shape.
13.-15. Give the 3 examples of biotic weathering.
16.-20. Using a diagram give the important processes that is present in the
transformation of one type of rock to another.