THE PARTICULATE NATURE OF

MATTER
 Content

Lesson 1 • State the distinguishing properties of solids,

liquids and gases.
Learning • Describe the structure of solids, liquids and
gases in terms of particle separation,
Objective arrangement and types of motion.
• Describe changes of state in terms of melting,
boiling, evaporation, freezing, condensation
and sublimation.
 What’s the difference?

Solids Liquids Gases

Shape

Can you
pour?
Can you
stir?
Can you
cut?
 What’s the difference?

Solids Liquids Gases

Shape Fixed Can be No shape

changed
Can you No Yes NO
pour?
Can you No Yes NO
stir?
Can you No NO NO
cut?
Changes of State

Gas

Liquid

Solid
 Changes of State

Gas

Liquid

melting {
Solid
 Changes of State

Gas
Boiling
(evaporating)
{ Liquid

melting {
Solid
 Changes of State

Gas
Boiling
(evaporating)
{ Liquid
} condensing

melting {
Solid
 Changes of State

Gas
Boiling
(evaporating)
{ Liquid
} condensing

melting { } freezing

Solid
 Changes of State

Gas

Liquid

Particles are fixed in place and cannot move

Solid
 Changes of State

Gas

Particles are free to move within a

Liquid container

Particles are fixed in place and cannot move

Solid
 Changes of State

Particles are free to move about

Gas

Particles are free to move within a

Liquid container

Particles are fixed in place and cannot move

Solid
 SOLIDS

• Strong forces of attraction

• held in fixed position
• don’t move, so have definite
shape and volume
• vibrate
 SOLIDS

• as they become hotter,

the particles vibrate more.
• so they expand
• can’t be compressed
• generally very dense
 SOLIDS

• when heated, molecules

gain energy.
• they vibrate more and
more
• strong forces are
overcome, molecules start
to move = MELTED
 LIQUIDS
• Some attraction between
molecules.
• free to move
• no definite shape, but
take shape of container
• molecules in constantly
random motion
 LIQUIDS

• when heated, they move

faster and expand
• can’t be compressed
• quite dense
 LIQUIDS

• Heat makes the molecules

move faster as they gain
energy.
• fast moving molecules at
the surface will overcome
forces of attraction and
escape = EVAPORATION
 GASES
• no force of attraction
• free to move, travel in
straight lines
• sometimes collide
• no definite shape or
volume, expand to fill space
 GASES

• exert pressure on wall of

container
• constantly moving randomly
• move faster when heated
• can be compressed
• very low densities
 GASES

• when heated enough,

molecules have enough speed
and energy to overcome
forces and escape each
other.
• molecules break away in big
bubbles of gas = BOILING
Describe changes of state in terms of
melting, boiling, evaporation, freezing,
condensation and sublimation
 Heating

Gas

Boiling point

Liquid

Melting point

Solid

Time
 Cooling

Gas

Condensing
Liquid

Freezing
Solid

Time
CHECK KNOWLEDGE.
 Content

Lesson 1
1.4 describe simple experiments leading to the
idea of the small size of particles and their
a)States of movement including:
i dilution of coloured solutions
matter ii diffusion experiments
b)Atoms
c)Atomic 1.5 understand the terms atom and molecule

structure 1.6 understand the differences between

elements, compounds and mixtures

1.7 describe techniques for the separation of

mixtures, including simple distillation, fractional
distillation, filtration, crystallisation and paper
chromatography.
 Evidence of particles
Particles are very, very small, but what evidence
do we have that they actually exist?

Two simple experiments help us to prove their

existence:

1.Dilution of coloured solutions

2.Diffusion experiments
Dilution of coloured solutions

Blue copper sulphate crystal

Dilution of coloured solutions

Blue copper sulphate solution

Dilution of coloured solutions

Dilution, 10cm3 copper

sulphate solution + 90cm3
water
Dilution of coloured solutions

Dilution, 10cm3 copper

sulphate solution + 90cm3
water
Dilution of coloured solutions

Dilution, 10cm3 copper

sulphate solution + 90cm3
water
Dilution of coloured solutions

Serial dilution of a solution such as

copper sulphate provides evidence
that the original crystal was made
up of many small particles that
spread out evenly when the solution
is diluted by adding water.
Evidence of particles – diffusion experiments

Spray air freshener in the

corner of a room
Evidence of particles – diffusion experiments

Particles spread
out in all
directions
Evidence of particles – diffusion experiments

Eventually the particles occupy

the whole room
 Evidence of particles – diffusion experiments

Other examples of diffusion

include:

Smell of frying bacon from a

kitchen

Leaking of air from inside a

balloon

Sugar dissolving in a cup of tea

Evidence of particles – diffusion experiments

Diffusion is the movement of

particles from areas of high
concentration to areas of low
concentration until they are
evenly spread. Diffusion
depends upon the random
movement of particles.
Evidence of particles – diffusion experiments

Diffusion is the movement of

particles from areas of high
concentration to areas of low
concentration until they are
evenly spread. Diffusion
depends upon the random
movement of particles.

Diffusion is slower in liquids

than in gases because liquid
particles are not as free to
move as gas particles.
 Atoms and Molecules

The basic building blocks of everything that we

see in the Universe are atoms. The word ‘atom’
basically means ‘indivisible’.
 Atoms and Molecules

The basic building blocks of everything that we

see in the Universe are atoms. The word ‘atom’
basically means ‘indivisible’.

Combinations of atoms are called molecules.

For example:

O2 - a molecule of oxygen

H2O - a molecule of water

Elements, mixtures and compounds
 Elements, mixtures and compounds

Cu
Cu An element consists of
one type of atom only.
Cu For example, pure
copper consists of
Cu
copper atoms only.
Cu
 Elements, mixtures and compounds

S
Fe
Fe A mixture consists of
S different types of
atoms that are not
S chemically bonded.
S
Fe
 Elements, mixtures and compounds

S
Fe
Fe A mixture consists of
S different types of
atoms that are not
S chemically bonded.
S
Fe

1. Particles in a mixture can all be separated out quite

easily.
2. No chemical bonds exist
3. Properties of the mixture are just a mixture of the
properties of the separate parts.
 Elements, mixtures and compounds

S Fe In a compound the
Fe particles are held
S together by strong
forces called chemical
bonds. A chemical
C reaction will have taken
O O place.
 Elements, mixtures and compounds

S Fe In a compound the
Fe particles are held
S together by strong
forces called chemical
bonds. A chemical
C reaction will have taken
O O place.

1. Particles in a compound are very difficult to separate.

2. The properties of a compound are very different to the
properties of the original elements.
You need to be able to describe techniques for
separating mixtures.
You need to be able to describe techniques for
separating mixtures.

Filtration
Simple distillation
Fractional distillation
Crystallisation
Paper chromatography
Filtration

Filtration depends
upon the different
size of particles in
a mixture.
The filtrate passes
through the filter
paper, the residue
is left behind.

The technique is used to

separate an insoluble solid
from a liquid, eg. sand and
water.
Simple distillation
Simple distillation
depends upon the
different boiling
points in a mixture.
The lowest boiling
point evaporates
first and can be
collected

The technique is used to

separate a soluble solid and
a liquid, eg. pure water
from salty water.
Fractional distillation

Fractional
distillation is used
to separate two
liquids that have
different boiling
points.

The technique is used to

separate mixtures such as
ethanol and water
Crystallisation

Crystallisation is
used to separate a
soluble solid from a
liquid when you
want to collect the
solid.

The technique is used to

separate mixtures such as
salt and water when the
salt is required.
Paper chromatography

Chromatography is
used to separate
and identify
mixtures that are,
or can be, coloured.

The technique is used to

separate mixtures such as
the pigments in an ink
sample.
 Content
1.8 recall that atoms consist of a central nucleus,
composed of protons and neutrons,
Lesson 1 surrounded by electrons, orbiting in shells
1.9 recall the relative mass and relative charge of a
proton, neutron and electron
a)States of 1.10 understand the terms atomic number, mass
matter number, isotopes and relative atomic
mass (Ar)
b)Atoms 1.11 calculate the relative atomic mass of an element
c)Atomic from the relative abundances of its
structure isotopes
1.12 understand that the Periodic Table is an
arrangement of elements in order of atomic
number
1.13 deduce the electronic configurations of the first
20 elements from their positions in the
Periodic Table
1.14 deduce the number of outer electrons in a main
group element from its position in the
Periodic Table.
 The size of an atom

This is the head of a pin. Millions of atoms would fit

onto it.
 A spoonful of sugar

A spoonful of sugar would contain about:

602,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 atoms!
So, atoms are
very, very,
small!
An atom is the smallest particle of an element
that can exist.

Cut a diamond up with a “magic knife” until

you have the smallest piece possible, and
you have a ….

CARBON ATOM
This is a block of GOLD

Being an ELEMENT, it is a
PURE substance, so it
contains particles of only
ONE kind …

GOLD
ATOMS
THE ATOM
THE ATOM

THE NUCLEUS
THE ATOM

THE NUCLEUS
• middle of the atom
• contains protons and neutrons
• positive charge (protons are
positive)
• almost all atom mass is
concentrated in the nucleus
• tiny compared to the atom as
a whole
THE ATOM

THE ELECTRONS
THE ATOM

THE ELECTRONS
• move around the nucleus
• Negatively charged
• tiny, but cover a lot of space
• orbit volume determines size
of the atom
• virtually no mass
• occupy orbits or shells around
the nucleus
FACTS ABOUT THE
ATOM!
 FACTS ABOUT THE
ATOM!

1. NEUTRAL ATOMS HAVE NO CHARGE OVERALL

2. CHARGE ON THE ELECTRONS IS THE SAME SIZE AS THE

CHARGE ON THE PROTONS BUT OPPOSITE

3. IN A NEUTRAL ATOM THE NUMBER OF ELECTRONS

EQUALS THE NUMBER OF PROTONS

4. ELECTRONS MAY BE LOST OR GAINED. THE ATOM THEN

BECOMES CHARGED, AND IS KNOWN AS AN ION

5. NEUTRON NUMBERS ARE USUALLY JUST A BIT HIGHER

THAN PROTON NUMBERS, BUT CAN CHANGE
 FACTS ABOUT THE
ATOM!

Particle Mass Charge

Proton 1 +1

Neutron 1 0

Electron 1/2000 -1
Atomic Mass and Mass Number
Atomic Mass and Mass Number

23

11
Na
Symbol for sodium
 Atomic Mass and Mass Number

MASS NUMBER
= total number of protons
23
Na
and neutrons

11
 Atomic Mass and Mass Number

MASS NUMBER
= total number of protons
23
Na
and neutrons

ATOMIC NUMBER 11
= number of protons (also
electrons)
 Atomic Mass and Mass Number

MASS NUMBER
= total number of protons
23
Na
and neutrons

ATOMIC NUMBER 11
= number of protons (also
electrons)

Number of neutrons = mass number – atomic number

 Atomic Number and Mass Number

MASS NUMBER
= total number of protons
23
Na
and neutrons

ATOMIC NUMBER 11
= number of protons (also
electrons)

Mass number is always bigger than the atomic number

 Atomic Mass and Mass Number

MASS NUMBER
= total number of protons
23
Na
and neutrons

ATOMIC NUMBER 11
= number of protons (also
electrons)

For sodium: protons = 11, electrons = 11, neutrons = 12

What is an isotope?
 What is an isotope?

ISOTOPES ARE: different atomic forms of the

same element, having the same number of
PROTONS but different numbers of NEUTRONS
 What is an isotope?

ISOTOPES ARE: different atomic forms of the

same element, having the same number of
PROTONS but different numbers of NEUTRONS

FOR EXAMPLE, there are two common forms of carbon:

Carbon 12
12
6
C Protons = 6
Neutrons = 6
Electrons = 6
 What is an isotope?

ISOTOPES ARE: different atomic forms of the

same element, having the same number of
PROTONS but different numbers of NEUTRONS

FOR EXAMPLE, there are two common forms of carbon:

Carbon 12 Carbon 14
12 14
6
C Protons = 6
6
C Protons = 6
Neutrons = 6 Neutrons = 8
Electrons = 6 Electrons = 6
 What is an isotope?

ISOTOPES ARE: different atomic forms of the

same element, having the same number of
PROTONS but different numbers of NEUTRONS

FOR EXAMPLE, there are two common forms of carbon:

Carbon 12 Carbon 14
12 14
6
C Protons = 6
6
C Protons = 6
Neutrons = 6 Neutrons = 8
Electrons = 6 Electrons = 6

Chemical properties are the same because the different number of

neutrons in the nucleus doesn’t affect the chemical behaviour at all.
 What is RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS?

By definition: “mass of a particular atom

compared to the mass of an atom of hydrogen”
 What is RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS?

By definition: “mass of a particular atom

compared to the mass of an atom of hydrogen”

Relative atomic mass is also the same as the

mass number – it’s that simple!
 What is RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS?

By definition: “mass of a particular atom

compared to the mass of an atom of hydrogen”

Relative atomic mass is also the same as the

mass number – it’s that simple!

So why do some atoms have odd-looking relative

atomic masses?
35.5
Eg: 17
Cl
 What is RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS?

By definition: “mass of a particular atom

compared to the mass of an atom of hydrogen”

Relative atomic mass is also the same as the

mass number – it’s that simple!

So why do some atoms have odd-looking relative

atomic masses?
35.5
Eg: 17
Cl

Why has chlorine got a relative atomic mass (or mass number) of 35.5?
 What is RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS?

It’s because chlorine has two common isotopes (remember

those?)

Cl Cl
35 37
17
AND 17
 What is RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS?

It’s because chlorine has two common isotopes (remember

those?)

Cl Cl
35 37
17
AND 17

They are found naturally in the ratio 3:1

 What is RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS?

It’s because chlorine has two common isotopes (remember

those?)

Cl Cl
35 37
17
AND 17

They are found naturally in the ratio 3:1

So the average relative atomic mass =

35 + 35 + 35 + 37 = 35.5
4
 What is RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS?

It’s because chlorine has two common isotopes (remember

those?)

Cl Cl
35 37
17
AND 17

They are found naturally in the ratio 3:1

So the average relative atomic mass =

35 + 35 + 35 + 37 = 35.5
4
Cl
35.5
So chlorine is written as:
17
 Where do we find the relative
atomic mass and atomic number of
an element, and so calculate the
number of protons, neutrons and
electrons in an atom?
 Where do we find the relative
atomic mass and atomic number of
an element, and so calculate the
number of protons, neutrons and
electrons in an atom?

We look in
the
Periodic
Table!
 Vertical columns are
called GROUPS, and
numbered from 1 to 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8
 Horizontal rows are
called PERIODS, and
numbered from 1 to 7
1

7
So for any given element we can
read off the group and period
number.
 So for any given element we can
read off the group and period
number.

For example:
Silicon (Si) is Group 4 and Period 3
 So for any given element we can
read off the group and period
number.

For example:
Silicon (Si) is Group 4 and Period 3

Also, for any given element we can

record the Atomic Number and
Relative Atomic Mass
Atomic number (4)

Relative Atomic Mass (9)

Let’s just pause and recap a second ………
Let’s just pause and recap a second ………

You should now know how to find out for any

given element:

The Relative Atomic Mass (Mass number)

The Atomic Number
The Number of Protons
The Number of Neutrons
The Number of Electrons

Are you ready for some practice?

 Atomic Relative Number of Number of Number of
Element Symbol number atomic mass protons neutrons electrons

Hydrogen 1 1

Li 7 4

Potassium 19 20

Beryllium 5 4

Ca 20 20

Iron 56 30

Boron 6 5

Ne 10 10
 Atomic Relative Number of Number of Number of
Element Symbol number atomic mass protons neutrons electrons

Hydrogen H 1 1 1 0 1

Lithium Li 3 7 3 4 3

Potassium K 19 39 19 20 19

Beryllium Be 4 9 4 5 4

Calcium Ca 20 40 20 20 20

Iron Fe 26 56 26 30 26

Boron B 5 11 5 6 5

Neon Ne 10 20 10 10 10
Note: the Periodic Table is
arranged in order of
increasing atomic number,
not mass number.
Do you remember that electrons
are found in orbits (or shells)
around the nucleus?
 Do you remember that electrons
are found in orbits (or shells)
around the nucleus?

The orbits can only hold a certain number of

electrons:
 Do you remember that electrons
are found in orbits (or shells)
around the nucleus?

The orbits can only hold a certain number of

electrons:
The first orbit can hold up to 2 electrons
The second orbit can hold up to 8 electrons
The third orbit can hold up to 8 electrons

Let’s look at some examples:

Lithium has an atomic number of
3 so has 3 electrons.

The first 2 electrons go into the

first orbit (shell) and the
remaining electron goes into the
second orbit.
Lithium has an atomic number of
3 so has 3 electrons.

The first 2 electrons go into the

first orbit (shell) and the
remaining electron goes into the
second orbit.

The electron configuration

(arrangement) can also be written
in this format.
Silicon has an atomic number of
14 so has 14 electrons.

The first 2 electrons go into the

first orbit (shell), the next 8 go
into the second orbit, and the
remaining 4 electrons go into the
third orbit.

To make sure you

understand this, try drawing
the electron configurations
for the first 20 elements
(hydrogen to calcium)
 The Periodic Table can
also help us when we are
trying to work out the
electron configuration of
a particular element.
 The Group Number tells you how many
electrons there are in the outer shell
(orbit) of an element.
For example, oxygen is in Group 6, so has
6 electrons in its outermost shell (2:6)
 The Period Number
tells you how many
shells (orbits) there
are around the
nucleus.
For example, Calcium
is in Period 4, so will
have 4 shells around
the nucleus
 The Period Number
tells you how many
shells (orbits) there
are around the
nucleus.
For example, Calcium
is in Period 4, so will
have 4 shells around
the nucleus
 End of Lesson 1

In this lesson we have covered:

States of Matter

Atoms

Atomic structure