MOLECULES

By: Aman Usman

WHAT IS A MOLECULE ?
WHAT IS A MOLECULE ?
A Molecule is a group of two or more atoms stick together. Molecules are so small
that no one can see except electron microscope. For example, An oxygen molecule
is formed by two atoms of oxygen, a water molecule is formed by one oxygen and
two hydrogen atoms.
WHAT IS MATTER ?
Any thing which occupies space and has mass is called Matter.
There are three states of matter.
 Solid
 Liquid
 Gas
Matter
Matter is made up of atoms and molecules

An atom is the basic unit of matter

Each element has its own unique atom, which differs from others by the number of protons in its nuclei.
For example, a hydrogen atom has one proton while a helium atom has two protons

A neutral atom has equal number of protons and electrons. The way the individual atoms or
molecules(collectively call particles) arrange themselves form the characteristics of the states of matter.

Most materials fall under the three states of matter: solid, liquid and gases.
MATTER IS…
A. Anything that moves B. Anything that has volume
and takes up space.

C. Something that cries.

 B.
Anything that has volume
and takes up space!
Solids Liquids

Gases
Changes in state

Gas

Liquid

Solid
Changes in state

Gas

Liquid

melting
{
Solid
Changes in state

Gas

Boiling
(evaporating) { Liquid

melting
{
Solid
Changes in state

Gas

Boiling
(evaporating) { Liquid
} condensing

melting
{
Solid
Changes in state

Gas

Boiling
(evaporating) { Liquid
} condensing

melting
{ } freezing

Solid
Changes in state
Gas

Liquid

Solid Particles are fixed in place and

cannot move
Changes in state
Gas

Particles are free to move within

Liquid a container

Solid Particles are fixed in place and

cannot move
Changes in state
Gas Particles are free to move about

Particles are free to move within

Liquid a container

Solid Particles are fixed in place and

cannot move

•as they become hotter, the
particles vibrate more.
• so they expand
• can’t be compressed
• generally very dense
SOLIDS
• Strong forces of attraction
• held in fixed position
• lattice arrangement
• don’t move, so have definite shape and volume
• vibrate
• when heated, molecules gain energy.
• they vibrate more and more
• strong forces are overcome, molecules start to
move = MELTED
 LIQUIDS

• Some attraction between molecules.

• free to move
• no definite shape, but take shape of container
• molecules in constantly random motion

• when heated, they move • heat makes the molecules move faster
faster and expand as they gain energy.
• can’t be compressed • fast moving molecules at the surface
• quite dense will overcome forces of attraction and
escape = EVAPORATION
 GASES

• no force of attraction
• free to move, travel in straight lines
• sometimes collide
• no definite shape or volume, expand to fill space

• exert pressure on wall of container • when heated enough, molecules have

• constantly moving randomly enough speed and energy to overcome
• move faster when heated forces and escape each other.
• can be compressed • molecules break away in big bubbles of
• very low densities gas = BOILING
 Heating

Temperature
Gas

Boiling point

Liquid

Melting point

Solid

Time
 Cooling

Gas

Temperature Condensing
Liquid

Freezing
Solid

Time
 So what
evidence is
there for
moving
particles?
 So what
evidence is
there for
moving
particles?

Brownian
motion!
 BROWNIAN motion

microscope

Glass
cover

Glass cell

lamp smoke
 BROWNIAN motion

Microscope
view

microscope

Zig-zag paths Glass

of smoke cover
particles
Glass cell

lamp smoke
BROWNIAN motion

Viewed through a microscope, smoke

can be seen to be made up of
millions of tiny bits or particles.
The bits of smoke glint in the light
from the lamp.
BROWNIAN motion

Viewed through a microscope, smoke

can be seen to be made up of
millions of tiny bits or particles.
The bits of smoke glint in the light
from the lamp.

As they drift through the air they

are seen to wobble in zig-zag paths.
This was first noticed in 1827 by
Robert Brown. The effect is called
Brownian motion.
BROWNIAN motion

Viewed through a microscope, smoke

can be seen to be made up of
millions of tiny bits or particles.
The bits of smoke glint in the light
from the lamp.
As they drift through the air they
are seen to wobble in zig-zag paths.
This was first noticed in 1827 by
Robert Brown. The effect is called
Brownian motion.
Kinetic theory can explain Brownian
motion – the bits of smoke, just
large enough to be seen, have so
little mass that they are ‘jostled’
about by thousands of surrounding
gas particles that bump into them
at random.
 Internal Energy

Particles in solids, liquids

and gases have kinetic
energy (movement) and
stored potential energy.
Gases have the most PE.
 Internal Energy

Particles in solids, liquids The total KE and PE of all

and gases have kinetic atoms and molecules in a
energy (movement) and material is called the
stored potential energy. internal energy. The
Gases have the most PE. hotter a material, the
faster the particles move,
and the more internal
energy it has.

Particles in solids, liquids
and gases have kinetic
energy (movement) and
stored potential energy.
Gases have the most PE.
Internal Energy
The total KE and PE of all
atoms and molecules in a
material is called the
internal energy. The
hotter a material, the
faster the particles move,
and the more internal
energy it has.
If a hot material is in
contact with a cold
material, energy is
transferred = HEAT. The
hot material loses internal
energy, the cold material
gains internal energy.
 Internal Energy

The term thermal energy is often

used for both internal energy and
heat.
DIFFUSION
 A process by which there is a net flow of
matter ( molecules) from a region of its high
concentration to one of low concentration. It
DIFFUSION occurs fastest in gas and liquids and slowest
in solids.

Example: The scent from one open

bottle of perfume quickly spreads in a
room because of random motion of
vapours molecules ( Diffusion ).
SUMMARY
All substances can exist in 3 states
solid, liquid and gas
All substances are made up of
particles ( atoms and molecules)
Molecules can diffuse through
other molecules
If a substance is heated, the
molecules have more energy, and
they move faster
Brownian movement of smoke
particles strengthens our believe
that molecules exist
 Particles in regular rows,
Particles can move around but Particles are far apart, moving at
vibrating at the fixed positions.
still held loosely together by high speed, and colliding with
strong forces of attraction keep
forces of attraction the walls of the container
it a definite shape .