SCIENCE

SCIENCE
• A systematically organized body of knowledge on a
particular subject.
• The intellectual and practical activity encompassing the
systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the
physical and natural world through observation and
experiment
MATTER
MATTER
“is anything that has mass
and occupies space”
And it is made up of tiny
particles called “atom”
MATTER

Volume
Mass
 MASS VS WEIGHT
Mass - a measure of the
matter in an object
Weight - a measure of
gravity’s pull on an object.
POSTULATE
THEORY OF
MATTER
Spaces between the
individual particles are very
large compared to the sizes
of the particles
 particle
particle
particle

SPACES

particle
particle
particle
Together close, attract the
most
 particle
particle
particle

SPACES

particle
particle
particle
All particles of the same
substance are identical to
each other in every way.
Different substances are
made of different particles
Au Au Au

Au Au Au
Matter is made up of tiny
particles
particle

CELL
Particles of matter are
always moving
 particle
particle
particle

SPACES

particle
particle
particle
NOT EVERYTHING
IS MATTER!?
NON-MATTER

• Flame or fire
• Wind
• Electricity
• Sound
FIVE PHASES
OF MATTER
 SOLID
• the particles are closely packed together. The
forces between particles are strong so that the
particles cannot move freely but can only vibrate.
As a result, a solid has a stable, definite shape,
and a definite volume, high density,
incompressible, and they do diffuse, but very
slowly
SOLID
 LIQUID

• has definite volume but no definite shape,

incompressible, diffuses fairly easily and
has surface tension
LIQUID
 GAS
• has no definite shape or volume, easily
compressible, has very low density, diffuses
quite easily
• have a great deal of space between them
and have high kinetic energy.
 PLASMA
• similar to gas, an ionized gas, a gas into
which sufficient energy is provided to free
electrons from atoms or molecules and to
allow both species, ions and electrons to
coexist, no definite volume or shape and
easily conducts energy
 PLASMA

• Plasma consists of highly charged

particles with extremely high kinetic
energy
 BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATES
• In 1995, technology enabled scientists to create a
new state of matter, the Bose-Einstein condensate
(BEC). Using a combination of lasers and magnets,
Eric Cornell and Carl Weiman cooled a sample of
rubidium to within a few degrees of absolute zero.
At this extremely low temperature, molecular
motion comes very close to stopping altogether.
 BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATES
• Since there is almost no kinetic energy being transferred from
one atom to another, the atoms begin to clump together. There
are no longer thousands of separate atoms, just one “super
atom.” A BEC is used to study quantum mechanics on a
macroscopic level. Light appears to slow down as it passes
through a BEC, allowing study of the particle/wave paradox. A
BEC also has many of the properties of a superfluid — flowing
without friction. BECs are also used to simulate conditions that
might apply in black holes.
PHASE CHANGE
• These changes of phase always occur
with a change of heat. Heat, which is an
energy, either comes into the material
during a change of phase or heat comes
out of the material during this change.
Description of Term for Phase
Heat Movement During Phase Change
Phase Change Change
Solid to liquid Melting Heat goes into the solid as it melts.

Liquid to solid Freezing Heat leaves the liquid as it freezes.

Vaporization, which
Liquid to gas includes boiling and Heat goes into the liquid as it vaporizes.
evaporation
Gas to liquid Condensation Heat leaves the gas as it condenses.

Solid to gas Sublimation Heat goes into the solid as it sublimates.

Gas to solid Deposition Heat leaves the gas and deposition occurs

Gas to plasma Ionization Heat goes into gas as it ionize

Heat leaves the plasma and deionization
Plasma to Gas Deionization
occurs
 SUBLIMATION HEAT
HEAT
HEAT

MELTING VAPORIZATION IONIZATION

Solid Liquid Gas Plasma

FREEZING CONDENSATION DEIONIZATION

DEPOSITION
Phase Changes