Chapter 1:

The Particulate Nature of Matter

 Changes of Matter

Physical: no change in substance: Chemical: change in substance

Example: change of state of matter Example: burning of sulfur

1.01: Physical Changes

Terms:
Condensing: The change of state from gas to liquid.
Evaporation: The change of state from a liquid to a gas below the boiling point of
the liquid.
Under given conditions of temperature and pressure some substances, for example
carbon dioxide, sublime. They turn directly from solid to gas or from gas to solid.

Terms:
Sublimation: The change in state directly from solid to gas and/or gas to solid
without the liquid state being formed.

1.02: States of Matter

Point of Solid Liquid Gas
Comparison

Volume fixed volume fixed volume no definite

volume
Shape fixed shape; they no definite no definite
keep this shape shape shape
unless hit
Ability to flow does not flow flows easily spreads out
easily (unless the everywhere
solid is powder)
Compressibility cannot be only can be
compressed compressed a compressed
little if at all

Space particles close particles close particles far

together together apart
Arrangement particles arranged particles particles
in a regular pattern arranged arranged
randomly randomly
Movement particles vibrate particles slide particles move
around a fixed over each other randomly and
point randomly and rapidly
slowly
1.03: Heating and Cooling Curves
Heating and cooling curves are graphs showing how the temperature changes
when a substance is heated or cooled at a steady rate (steady increase or decrease
in energy).

Heating Curve

A to B: Change of substance from solid to gas passing through liquid is an

endothermic change, because energy is absorbed. Substance heats up (gain more
kinetic energy)----> move faster----> collide more----> break the bonds between
particles----> change from solid to liquid.
B to C: No change in the temperature because all energy used to break
intermolecular forces.
Substance X Substance X
Solid ⇌ Liquid
C to D: Liquid substance heats up (gain more kinetic energy)----> move faster---->
collide more----> break the bonds between particles----> change from liquid to gas.
D to E: No change in the temperature because all energy used to break
intermolecular forces.
Substance X Substance X
Liquid ⇌ Gas
E to F: Gaseous state. Any further increase in temperature, no change of state.

Cooling Curve

We observe that the change from gas to liquid then solid is an exothermic reaction
(releases energy).
From gas (water vapour) to liquid (liquid water): particles lose energy--------> lose
kinetic energy----> become closer----> change from gas to liquid.
From liquid (liquid water) to solid (solid ice): particles lose energy----> lose kinetic
energy----> become closer, tightly close, regular shape----> change to solid.

*Observed that,
condensation point=boiling point
melting point=freezing point
Therefore, if the examiner provides you with boiling point, then you have both
boiling point and condensation point, and same goes with melting point and
freezing point.
How to identify whether a substance is a solid, liquid or a gas?
Substance Boiling Point Melting Point
Solid above room temp. (22°C) above room temp. (22°C)
Liquid above room temp. (22°C) below room temp. (22°C)
Gas below room temp. (22°C) below room temp. (22°C)

1.04: Purity and Impurity of Substances

Pure substance have a sharp boiling and melting points while impure substances
have a higher boiling point and a lower melting point.
1.05: Kinetic Theory
The Kinetic Particle Theory of Matter states that:
1. All matter is made from tiny particles (atoms, molecules or ions).
2. These particles are always in motion. When the temperature increases (heat
will be provided to particles), they will move faster.
3. Lighter particles move faster than heavier particles.

1.06: Brownian Motion

Particles in air (nitrogen and oxygen) hit (in random motion) particles of pollen
grains or dust. This produces suspension of unequal random bombardment of
molecules (Brownian Motion).
It provides evidence for the kinetic particle model.
Terms:
Brownian motion: The random movement of small visible particles in a suspension
caused by the unequal random bombardment of molecules of liquid or gas on the
visible particles.
1.07: Diffusion
Terms:
Diffusion: The spreading movement of one substance into another due to the
random motion of particles.

Diffusion of liquids

The picture above shows the diffusion of ink in water.

Similarly, if a crystal of potassium permanganate is placed in a beaker of water, the
purple colour spreads throughout the whole beaker due to the continuous random
motion of particles. After 24 hours, the purple colour would be uniformly spread
throughout the whole beaker.

Particles collide randomly with each other leading to complete mixing of the
particles.
Diffusion of gases

Bromine gas is a brown gas. In a random movement, it equally spreads throughout

the air and fills the whole jar. Therefore the brown colour (due to bromine gas
diffusing throughout the jar) fills the jar.
Diffusion depends on:
1. Temperature: When temperature increases, particles gain more kinetic
energy, particles collide more frequently and thus diffuse faster.
2. Molecular mass: The higher the molecular mass, the slower the rate of
diffusion.
SAMPLE QUESTIONS: