S3 CHEMISTRY Summary: Particulate Nature of Matter

KINETIC PARTICLE THEORY

 All matter consists of many tiny particles. These particles can be atoms, ions or
molecules
 These particles are always in constant and random motion, where the degree of
motion is determined by the amount of kinetic energy these particles have

Physical State

Solid Liquid Gas

Arrangement Orderly and fixed

Random Random
of Particles positions

Distance
Very closely packed
between Quite close together Far apart
together
particles

Movement of Vibrate about fixed Slide past each other Moving freely in all
Particles positions over short distances directions at high speed

Forces of
Very strong Moderate Very weak
Attraction

Fixed volume and Fixed volume but no No fixed volume and

shape fixed shape shape

Physical
Properties Not compressible Not compressible Compressible

Cannot flow Can flow Can flow easily

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PHYSICAL CHANGE OF STATES

GAS

SOLID LIQUID

Checkpoint

 Which processes involve a loss/ gain of energy?

 What are some common substances that can undergo sublimation?

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 HEATING AND COOLING CURVES

Graph Explanation Graph Explanation

Section Section
A-B Temperature of solid increases: P-Q Temperature of gas decreases

Point B Melting Point of solid Point Q Condensation Point of gas

B-C Phase change from solid to liquid Q–R Phase change from gas to liquid
Point C All solid has melted Point R All gas has condensed
C-D Temperature of liquid increases R-S Temperature of liquid decreases
Point D Boiling Point of liquid Point S Freezing Point of liquid
D–E Phase change from liquid to gas S–T Phase change from liquid to solid
Point E All liquid has boiled Point T All liquid has frozen
E–F Temperature of gas increases T to U Temperature of solid decreases

Checkpoint

 How do we explain why the temperature remains constant during processes such as melting?

 At the melting point, the temperature remains constant during melting while heat energy
taken in is used to overcome the attractive forces between the particles. Thus, average
kinetic energy of particles remains the same.
 Average distance between the particles start to increase as some of the particles start
breaking free from their fixed positions.
 During melting, the substance exists as a mixture of solid and liquid.

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EVAPORATION vs BOILING

Evaporation Boiling

Occurs only at the surface of the liquid Occurs throughout the entire liquid

Takes place over a range of temperature Occurs at a fixed temperature

No bubbles will be formed Visible bubbles

Usually, a natural process whereby energy Usually require an external source of heat for
from the surroundings is sufficient boiling to occur

EFFECTS OF IMPURITIES ON BOILING & MELTING POINT

 A pure substance melts and boils at a fixed temperature.

 An impure substance (e.g. a mixture) will have a range of melting and boiling point,
usually in between that of both substances
 Generally, adding impurities to a pure substance will DECREASE its melting point but
INCREASE its boiling point.

Example: seawater melts at ~ -1.33 °C but boils at ~102.2 °C

DIFFUSION

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  Movement of fluid (liquids/gases) particles from a region of high concentration to a
region of low concentration due to collision with particles of medium (i.e. bromine
particles colliding with air particles in jar above)
 Random and constant movement of particles to fill up all available space

FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF DIFFUSION

1. Mass of particle

The larger the mass, the slower the rate of diffusion and vice versa.

Example: As NH3 (Mr = 17) is a lighter gas than O2 (Mr = 32), it will diffuse at a faster rate.

2. Temperature

The higher the temperature, the greater the kinetic energy of particles, the greater the speed of
movement

Example: The rate of diffusion of CH4 gas at 50°C is twice of that at 25°C

3. Medium of diffusion

The rate of diffusion of a fluid particle is fastest in the gas medium and slowest in the solid medium.
This can be explained through:

a) Speed of the particle in the medium

b) Distance between each particle in the medium

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