PARTICULATE NATURE OF MATTER

THE STATES OF MATTER:

Matter: Anything that has mass and occupies space.

➢ There are three physical states: Solid, Liquid and Gas.
➢ Changing temperature and/or pressure can change the state in which a substance exists

➢ Fluid: a gas or a liquid; they can flow.

 SOLID PROPERTIES

MOTION DISTANCE BETWEEN PARTICLES INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

Vibrate in their place SMALL DISTANCE VERY STRONG

FLUIDITY HAVE FIXED COMPRESSION

DOES NOT FLOW SHAPE CANNOT BE COMPRESSED
 LIQUID PROPERTIES

MOTION DISTANCE BETWEEN PARTICLES INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

SLIDE PAST EACH OTHER LARGE DISTANCE MODERATE

FLUIDITY SHAPE COMPRESSION

FLOWS EASILY TAKE SHAPE OF CONTAINER CANNOT EASILY COMPRESSED
 GAS PROPERTIES

MOTION DISTANCE BETWEEN PARTICLES INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

RANDOM MOTION VERY LARGE VERY WEAK

FLUIDITY NO FIXED SHAPE COMPRESSION

FLOW EASILY TAKE THE SHAPE OF CONTAINER EASILY COMPRESSED
 THE ARRANGEMENT OF SOLIDS,LIQUIDS AND GASES

Solid Liquid Gases

Close together in regular Close together in Far apart
arrangement irregular arrangement irregular
 PRACTICE QUESTION(S)
October/November 2008

October/November 2010
 PRACTICE QUESTION(S)
May/June 2010
 VOLUME

SOLID LIQUID GAS

No fixed volume.
Volume Fixed volume Fixed volume It expands to fill
its container
 IMPORTANT PROPERTIES

➢ All three states show an increase in volume [EXPANSION] when the temperature is increased, and a decrease in
volume [CONTRACTION] when the temperature is lowered.

➢ The volume of a gas at a fixed temperature can easily be reduced by increasing the pressure of the gas.

➢ Gases are easily compressed, liquids are only slightly compressible, and volume of a solid is unaffected by changing
the pressure
 CHANGE OF STATE

Note that: Sublimation can be used in both directions.

 CHANGE OF STATE

Sublimation
Melting: a pure substance melts suddenly at
a particular temperature.

Melt Evaporate

Freezing: the reverse takes place sharply at

the same temperature.
Freeze Condense

Increase in Temperature
 PRACTICE QUESTION(S)
October/November 2012 V12
 MELTING, BOILING AND FREEZING POINTS:

Melting point: The temperature at which a pure substance turns to a liquid.

➢ If melting happens at one particular temperature → this indicates a pure substance.
Boiling point: The temperature at which the liquid converted into vapor (gas).
➢ The boiling point of water at standard pressure is 100ºC. On a high mountain it is lower than 100ºC.
Freezing point: The reverse of melting occurs if the liquid is cooled down.
➢ The melting point and freezing point of any given substance are both the same temperature.
Increasing Temperature

Melting point Boiling point

Decreasing Temperature
 PRACTICE QUESTION(S)

May/June 2017 v23

Melting point Boiling point

 CONDENSATION AND EVAPORATION

Condensation: is the reverse of evaporation and Evaporation: involves a liquid changing to a

occurs by cooling. gas. If a liquid is left with its surface exposed to
the air, it evaporates.

evaporation

condensation
 SUBLIMATION (R.O.)

Sublimation: The process in which a solid changes directly to a gas is called sublimation [Not required ].

Iodine Sublimation Carbon dioxide (Dry Ice) Sublimation

 IMPORTANT NOTES :

➢ If a liquid is left with its surface exposed to air, it evaporates.

➢ Evaporation takes place from the surface of the liquid. The larger the surface area, the faster the liquid
evaporates.
➢ Evaporation occurs at any point while boiling occurs at certain temperature [with bubbles].
➢ A Volatile liquid is one which evaporates easily and has a relatively low boiling point.
➢ Ethanol (B.P 78°C) is a more volatile liquid than water (B.P 100°C)
➢ If the surrounding pressure is increased, the boiling of water rises.
➢ In a pressure cooker, the boiling of water is raised to around 120°C and
food cooks more quickly at this higher temperature
You must let a pressure cooker
cool before you open it as it’s at
a high pressure.
PURE SUBSTANCE:

➢ A pure substance consists of only one substance. i.e. has no impurities.

➢ A pure substance melts and boils at definite temperature.

➢ The melting point can be measured using an electrically heated melting point apparatus.

➢ The presence of an impurity in a substance: (lowers the melting point & raise the boiling point)

➢ Impure substance sometimes melts or boils over a range of temperatures, not a particular point.
 PRACTICE QUESTION(S)

1) State the names for the following physical changes:

a) Liquid to solid.
b) Liquid to gas at a precise temperature.
c) Gas to liquid
2) The melting and boiling points of three pure substances are given in table:
a) All three substances have negative values for their melting point.Which of them has the lowest melting point?
b) Which two substances are liquids at room temperature? Explain your answer.
c) What effect does the presence of an impurity have on the freezing point of a liquid?
3) Put these three liquids in order of volatility, with the most volatile first; water (b.p. 100°C), ethanoic acid
(b.p. 128°C), and ethanol (b.p. 78°C)
 PREDICTING A PHYSICAL STATE :

The State of a substance at a given temperature can be predicted if its melting point and boiling point are known. The
table summarizes how to work this out:

Data Given Predicted State

Given temperature < melting point Solid

Given temperature is between melting and boiling points Liquid

Given temperature > boiling point Gas

Be careful with temperatures below 0ºC; -100ºC is a higher temperature than -150ºC.
 THE KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER

 The idea that all substances consist of very SMALL PARTICLES used to explain the structure of the
three different states of matter.

 The kinetic theory of matter describes these states, and the changes between them, in terms of the
MOVEMENT of particles.
 Solid Liquid Gas
 THE MAIN POINTS OF THE KINETIC THEORY:

- All matter is made up of very small particles (different substances contain different types of particles)

Atom Molecule

- The Particles are moving all the time (Movement and arrangement of particles is different )

SOLID LIQUID GAS

 THE MAIN POINTS OF THE KINETIC THEORY:

• All particles have energy The higher the temperature the faster they move.
Increasing Energy

• In a gas, there is relatively large distance between particles. They are free to
Move anywhere [i.e. a gas can fill any volume]

Decreasing Energy

• The pressure of a gas is produced by the atoms of molecules of the gas hitting the walls of the container. The more
often the particles collide with the walls, the greater the pressure.
THE MAIN POINTS OF KINETIC THEORY:

• There are spaces between particles of matter called INTERMOLECULAR SPACE (IMS)

• In a gas, the intermolecular space is large and can be reduced by increasing EXTERNAL PRESSURE
– gases are COMPRESSIBLE.

• In liquids, this space is very much smaller

– liquids are NOT very COMPRESSIBLE..
APPLYING THE KINETIC THEORY TO CHANGE IN PHYSICAL STATE:
APPLYING THE KINETIC THEORY TO CHANGE IN PHYSICAL STATE:
THE ENERGY CHANGES TAKING PLACE DURING HEATING AND COOLING
 PRACTICE QUESTION(S)

1) Figure below shows the heating curve for substance x:

a) What physical state, or states, will X be in at points A, B, C, and D on the curve?

2) Table below shows the melting and boiling points of four substances A-D:
a) In which of these four substances are the particles arranged in a lattice (a regular structure) at room temperature?
THE PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE OF A GAS

➢ When you blow up a balloon, you fill it with air particles.

➢ They collide with each other and also hit the sides of the
balloon and exert pressure on it.

➢ This pressure keeps the balloon inflated.

THE PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE OF A GAS

➢ Gas Pressure: The pressure of a gas is produced by the atoms or molecules of the gas hitting the walls of the
container.

➢ Gas pressure increases by increasing the temperature of the gas.

THE PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE OF A GAS

The faster
The more
Thus, the they move,
When The particles they hit the
particles the more
temperature energy wall, the
move they hit the
increases increases greater the
faster wall of the
pressure
container
 THE RANDOM MOTION OF PARTICLES

TYPES OF PARTICLES MOVEMENT:

➢ Any matter consists of many particles.

➢ In solids such as stones and rocks, the particles don’t move freely.

➢ In Liquids and Gases, the particles move freely.

 DIFFUSION

➢ It’s the random movement of particles from region of high concentration to region of low
concentration.
➢ Diffusion contributes to the movement of oxygen from the lungs to the blood, and of carbon dioxide
from the blood to the lungs.
➢ Diffusion does not take place in solids.

➢ Also, diffusion in liquids is much slower than in gases.

High Concentration Low Concentration

 DIFFUSION

➢ When you walk past a cosmetics counter in a department store you can usually smell the perfumes.

➢ For this to happen gas particles must be leaving open perfume bottles and be spreading out
through the air in the store.

➢ This spreading out of a gas is called diffusion

➢ It takes place in a random way

 EXAMPLES OF DIFFUSION IN GAS

➢ All gases diffuse to fill the space available.

➢ After a day the brown–red fumes of gaseous bromine have spread evenly throughout both gas jars from the liquid
present in the lower gas jar.
➢ Gases diffuse at different rates.

One piece of Then after a few

Another is
cotton wool is And these are minutes a white
soaked in
soaked in put at opposite cloud of
concentrated
concentrated ends of a dry ammonium
hydrochloric
ammonia glass tube. chloride
acid.
solution. appears

➢ This shows the position at which the two gases meet and react.
➢ The white cloud forms in the position shown because the ammonia particles are lighter and have a smaller
relative molecular mass than the hydrogen chloride particles (released from the hydrochloric acid) and so
move faster.
 EXAMPLE OF DIFFUSION IN LIQUID

➢ The spreading of the solute throughout the liquid is an example of diffusion.

➢ Potassium Manganate (VII): is purple crystals which diffuse in water.

 DEPENDENCE OF RATE OF DIFFUSION ON
MOLECULAR MASS

➢ Gases diffuse because the particles collide with other particles, and bounce off in all directions.

➢ But gases do not all diffuse at the same rate, every time.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF GAS DIFFUSION

• The mass of the Particles

It depends on these two factors:

• The Temperature
EXPERIMENT SHOWS HOW MOLECULAR MASS AFFECTS THE RATE
OF DIFFUSION

➢ The particles in hydrogen chloride gas are twice as heavy as those in ammonia gas.

➢ In This Experiment the white smoke forms closer to B.

➢ So, the ammonia particles have travelled further than the hydrogen chloride particles.

➢ Which means that the ammonia particles have travelled faster.

 DEPENDENCE OF RATE OF DIFFUSION ON MOLECULAR MASS

➢ When particles collide and bounce away, the lighter particles will bounce further

➢ The lower the mass of its particles, the faster a gas will diffuse.

➢ The particles in the previous two gases are molecules.

➢ The mass of a molecule is called its relative molecular mass.

➢ So we can also say: The lower its relative molecular mass, the faster a gas will diffuse.

The faster a particle is moving when

it hits another, the faster and further
it will bounce away. Just like snooker
balls!
 PRACTICE QUESTION(S)
May/June 2007

October/November 2011
 PRACTICE QUESTION(S)
October/November 2007:
 PRACTICE QUESTION(S)
May/June 2012
 PRACTICE QUESTION(S)
May/June 2008
 PRACTICE QUESTION(S)
October/November 2009
 THE END OF LECTURE

Contact me for more details about the Course:

Dr Ahmed Eid (01143005358 - 01026566696)