CHAPTER 1 MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS

1. WHAT IS MATTER?
ANYTHING THAT OCCUPIES SPACE, HAS MASS AND CAN BE PERCEIVED BY
OUR SENSES IS CALLED MATTER.

2. What Matter is made of?

Matter is made up of small particles called molecule. Atoms combine to form molecules

3. CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICLES OF MATTER

The particles have Intermolecular space between them
The particles of matter experience Intermolecular force of attraction
The particles of matter are always in state of Random motion ( Brownian movement)
4. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PARTICLES OF SOLID, LIQUID AND GAS

Solids:
o Particles are tightly packed together
o They DO NOT move past each other.
o They have large intermolecular force of attraction and almost negligible intermolecular
space.
They vibrate in place
Liquids:
o Particles are not tightly packed together as in solids
o They SLIDE, move past each other.
o They have less intermolecular force of attraction and more intermolecular space
o Liquid particles move hence they flow and are called fluids
Gases:
o Particles are loosely packed
o They have large intermolecular space and negligible intermolecular force of attraction.
o They have high energy hence they slip past each other quickly and move at a high speed
o Gases flow

5. PROPERTIES OF THE THREE STATES OF MATTER

Solid
* Solids occupy space
* They have definite shape
* They have definite volume
* They are rigid and hence incompressible
Liquid
* Liquids occupy space
* They have a definite volume
* They do not have a definite shape, they take the shape of the container
* Liquids flow and are incompressible
* They show diffusion
Gases
* Gases occupy space
* They neither have a definite volume nor shape
* Gases are highly compressible
* Gases flow
* They exhibit diffusion

➢ DIFFUSION
o The intermixing of the particles of one state of matter with the another state of matter till
they are evenly distributed is called diffusion.
o The movement of the particles from the region of high concentration to the region of low
concentration is called diffusion
CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFUSION
o Individual particles move randomly
o It allows gases and liquids to mix
o It is negligible in solids as the particles are in fixed position
o Diffusion is much slower in liquids than in gases.

INTERCONVERSION OF STATES OF MATTER

Definition-The conversion of one state of matter to another on changing the physical

conditions without changing the chemical composition of the substance is known as inter-
conversion of state of matter

Two conditions required for the inter-conversion of states of matter

• Change in temperature
• Change in pressure
IMPORTANT TERMS
• Melting/Fusion: Process of conversion of a solid into liquid by increasing the temperature
is called melting or fusion.
• Melting Point: The minimum temperature at which a solid melts to liquid is called its
melting point. Eg- Melting point of ice is 0°C.
• Freezing: The process of conversion of a liquid into solid by decreasing the temperature
is called freezing.
• Freezing point: The minimum temperature at which a liquid freezes to a solid is called
freezing point.
• Boiling: Process of conversion of a liquid into gas on heating at its boiling point is called
boiling.
• Sublimation: A change of state directly from solid to gas without changing into liquid
state is called sublimation.
• Deposition: The direct change of a gas to solid without changing into liquid is called
deposition.
• Evaporation: Conversion of a liquid to vapour at any temperature below the boiling point
of a liquid is called evaporation.
• Condensation: Process of conversion of vapours back to liquid state on cooling is called
condensation.
• Latent heat of fusion: The amount of heat energy required to change 1kg of a solid (at its
melting point) into liquid at atmospheric pressure is known as latent heat of fusion.
• Latent heat of vaporisation: The amount of heat energy required to change 1kg of a liquid
(at its boiling point) into gas at atmospheric pressure is known as latent heat of
vaporisation.

6. WHEN A SOLID MELTS, ITS TEMPERATURE REMAINS THE SAME, SO WHERE

DOES THE HEAT ENERGY GO?
The temperature of the system don’t not change until all the solid melts because the heat
energy supplied is used-up in overcoming the attractive forces of the solid and some remain
hidden in the contents of the beaker and is known as latent.
 7. FACTORS AFFECTING EVAPORATION
➢ An increase of surface area
➢ An increase of temperature
➢ Decrease in humidity
➢ An increase in wind speed

8. How does evaporation cause cooling?

In an open vessel when liquid keeps on evaporating, it’s particles absorbs heat energy
from the surrounding to regain its lost energy. This absorption of energy from the
surroundings makes the surroundings cold.

-By Ms. Ritika D. George