Topics in the Chapter

• Introduction
• Physical Nature of Matter
• Diffusion
• Characteristics of Particles of Matter
→ Particles of matter have space between them
→ Particles of matter attract each other because of force of attraction
• States of Matter
→ Solid State
→ Liquid State
→ Gaseous State
• Change of State of Matter
• Effect of Temperature
→ Latent heat
→ Latent heat of fusion
→ Latent heat of vaporisation
• Effect of change of pressure
• Evaporation
→ Factors affecting the rate of evaporation
→ Evaporation causes cooling
• Plasma
• Bose-Einstein Condensate

Introduction

→ Since early times human beings have been trying to understand their nature. Early Indian
philosopher classified matter into five basic elements. the“Panch Tatva”– air, earth, fire, sky and
water. According to them, living as well as non living things are made up of these elements.

→ Now a days, scientists evolved to types of classification of matter – physical properties and
chemical nature.

Physical Nature of Matter

→ Matter is made up of particles. All matter constitute of very small particles. These small
particles are called atoms.

→ These particles of matter are too small so they cannot be seen by naked eyes or simple
microscope.

→ Particles of matter are continuously moving as they posses kinetic energy, with the increase of
temperature kinetic energy of particles also increases so particle moves faster.

Diffusion
→ Brownian Motion: The zig-zag or random path travelled by the particles of matter is called
Brownian motion.

→ Intermixing of particles of two different types of matter on their own is called diffusion. The
rate of diffusion increases on increasing the temperature of the diffusing substance (by heating).
It is natural process. It takes place in solid, liquid and gas.

Characteristics of Particles of Matter

• Particles of matter have space between them

→ Gas can be compressed a lot because of the space between their particles.

→ When sugar is dissolved in water, the particles of sugar disappear in water. This happens
because particles of sugar get adjusted in the spaces between the particles of water. Additionally
you will notice that there is no rise of water level takes place when one or two teaspoon of sugar
is added in a glass of water, this is because sugar particles get adjusted in the space between the
particles of water and no rise in the water level comes in result.

• Particles of matter attract each other because of force of attraction

→ Force of attraction between particles of matter keeps the particles bonded together. The force
of attraction between particles of solid is greatest, between particles of liquid is moderate and
between particles of gas is lowest.

→ Because of the lowest force of attraction between the particles of gas we can move our hand
through air easily. To move our hand in liquid, such as water, we have to apply some force, but
from a solid such as wood, we cannot move our hand.

→This is because the force of attraction between particles of gas is almost negligible, in liquid
the forces of attraction is moderate but it is greatest in solid.

→ The force of attraction between particles of solid, liquid and gas can be arranged in decreasing
order as follows:
Solid > Liquid > Gas
States of Matter

• Solid State

→ The space between the particles is very less.

→ The force of attraction between the particles is strong. Thus, particles in a solid are closely
packed.

→ Solids maintain their shape even when they are subjected to external force i.e. they are rigid.
→ Solids cannot be compressed.

→ The kinetic energy of the particles is very less and so solids have an orderly arrangement of
the particles.Therefore, solids have a fixed shape and volume.

• Liquid State

→ The space between the particles is slightly more as compared to solids, but still very less as
compared to gases. The particles of a liquid can slip and slide over each other.

→ The force of attraction between the particles is strong enough to hold the particles together but
not strong enough to hold the particles in a fixed position.

→ Liquids do not have a fixed shape but have a fixed volume. Liquids take up the shape of the
container in which they are poured.

→ The kinetic energy of the particles is more than that of solids. Thus, liquids have a disorderly
arrangement of particles compared to solids.

→ Liquids cannot be compressed much. The compressibility of liquids is almost negligible.

• Gaseous State

→ The particles are much farther apart from one another as compared to solids and liquids.They
have a very disorderly arrangement of particles compared to the solids and liquids.

→ The force of attraction between the particles is negligible, hence particles of a gas move freely
in all the directions.Gases thus can mix or diffuse into other gases.

→ The particles of a gas have maximum kinetic energy. They move with high speed in all
directions and can exert pressure on the walls of its container.

→ Gases neither have a definite shape nor a definite volume.They fill up the container
completely.
→ Gases can be compressed easily. Example: the LPG cylinders used at home and the CNG
cylinders used in vehicles.

Change of State of Matter

→ The phenomenon of change from one state of matter to another, and then back to the original
state is called the interconversion of states of matter.

→ Matter Can Change its State. Water can exist in three states of matter:
• Solid as ice
• Liquid as water
• Gas as water vapour

Effect of Temperature

→ On increasing the temperature of solids, the kinetic energy of the particles increases which
overcomes the forces of attraction between the particles thereby solid melts and is converted to a
liquid.

→ The temperature at which a solid melts to become a liquid at the atmospheric pressure is
called its melting point. The melting point of ice is 273.16 K.
The process of melting, that is, change of solid state into liquid state is also known as fusion.

• Latent heat

The hidden heat which breaks the force of attraction between the molecules is known as the
latent heat. Since, the heat energy is hidden in the bulk of the matter, it is called latent heat.

• Latent heat of fusion

→ The heat energy required to convert 1 kilogram of a solid into liquid at atmospheric pressure,
at its melting point, is known as the latent heat of fusion.

→ The temperature at which a liquid starts boiling, at atmospheric pressure, is called its boiling
point.

→ Boiling is a bulk phenomenon. Particles from the bulk of the liquid gain energy to change into
the gaseous state. For example, boiling point of water is 100° C. (or 100° C = 273 + 100 = 373
K)

• Latent heat of vaporisation

→ The heat energy required to convert 1 kilogram of liquid into gas, at atmospheric pressure, at
its boiling point, is known as the latent heat of vaporisation

→ The process, in which a gas, on cooling, turns into a liquid at a specific temperature is
called condensation or liquefaction.
Formation of clouds is due to the condensation of water vapour from the Earth’s surface.

→ The change of state of a substance directly from a solid to gas, without changing into the
liquid state (or vice versa) is called sublimation.

→ The temperature at which the state of a substance changes from a liquid to a solid is called
the freezing point of that substance.

→ When a solid melts, its temperature remains the same because heat gets used up in changing
the
state by overcoming the forces of attraction between the particles. It is considered that it gets
hidden into the contents of the beaker and is known as the latent heat.

→ Water vapour at 373 K have more energy than water at the same temperature because
particles in steam have absorbed extra energy in the form of latent heat of vaporisation.

Effect of change of pressure

→ Gases can be liquefied by applying pressure and reducing the temperature. When a high
pressure is applied to a gas, it gets compressed and if the temperature is lowered, the gas is
liquefied.

→ Solid CO2 gets converted directly to gaseous state on decrease of pressure to 1 atmosphere
without coming into liquid state. This is the reason that solid carbon dioxide is also known as dry
ice.

Evaporation

→ The process of conversion of a substance from the liquid state to the gaseous state at any
temperature below its boiling point is called evaporation or vaporisation.

→ Evaporation is a surface phenomenon.

• Factors affecting the rate of evaporation

→ The rate of evaporation increases on increasing the surface area of the liquid.
→ The rate of evaporation increases with an increase in temperature.
→ Decrease in the humidity increases the rate of evaporation.
→ An increase in the wind speed increases the rate of evaporation.

• Evaporation causes cooling

→ The particles of liquid absorb energy from the surrounding to regain the energy lost during
evaporation. This absorption of energy from the surroundings make the surroundings cold.
→ Lately, scientists are talking about five states of matter or five phases of matter. These are-
solids, liquids, gases, plasmas and the Bose–Einstein condensate.

Plasma

The state consists of super energetic and super excited particles. These particles are in the form
of ionised gases. The fluorescent tube and neon sign bulbs consist of plasma.

Bose-Einstein Condensate

→ Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose made a study regarding the fifth state of matter. Based
on his study, Albert Einstein predicted a fifth state of matter called the Bose-Einstein
Condensate.

→ The Bose-Einstein Condensate or BEC is formed by cooling a gas of extremely low density to
super low temperatures.

Some Important Measurements

→ The SI unit of mass is kilogram (kg).

→ The SI unit of volume is cubic metre (m3). The common unit of measuring volume is litre (L)
such that 1L = 1 dm3, 1L = 1000 mL, 1 mL = 1 cm3.

→ Kelvin is the SI unit of temperature, 0° C = 273.16 K. For convenience, we take 0° C = 273 K

after rounding off the decimal. To change a temperature on the Kelvin scale to the Celsius scale
you have to subtract 273 from the given temperature, and to convert a temperature on the
Celsius scale to the Kelvin scale you have to add 273 to the given temperature.

→ Atmosphere (atm) is a unit of measuring pressure exerted by a gas. The unit of pressure is
Pascal (Pa): 1 atmosphere = 101325 Pa. The pressure of air in atmosphere is called atmospheric
pressure. The atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1 atmosphere, and is taken as the normal
atmospheric pressure.