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𝑝
Pressure
Volume
1
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10 Thermal properties of matter
10.1 Temperature and internal energy
Internal energy Temperature
o The total energy of all its o The average kinetic energy of
particles individual particles
10.2 Thermometers
A measuring instrument used to determine the temperature of an object
You need:
o Two fixed points
o Substance with thermometric property
o Scale
Factors:
o Sensitivity
How much the thermometer expands per °C
o Responsiveness
How quickly the thermometer expands per °C
o Linearity
How consistent the thermometer expands per °C
o Range
The difference between the maximum and minimum temperatures that the
thermometer can read
10.2.2 Types of thermometers
Metal Y V
Temperature
being Junctions Reference
measured temperature Voltmeter
Uses Consequences
o Join metal plates with rivets o Expansion of bridges/railway lines
o Fitting metal lid caps on a o Glass container cracking due to
glass jar or bottle heat
o Bimetallic strip
The energy required per degree Celsius to raise the temperature of a substance
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝐸
𝐸 = 𝑐∆𝑇 or 𝑐 = ∆𝑇
The SI unit for T.C. is 𝐽/℃
10.6 Latent heat capacity
The energy required per kilogram to change a substance’s state of matter without
changing temperature
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 × 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡
𝐸
𝐸 = 𝑚𝐿 or 𝐿=
𝑚
The SI unit for S.L.H. is 𝐽/𝑘𝑔
Specific latent heat of fusion
o S.L.H. to change substance from solid to liquid
o = 𝐿𝑓
Specific latent heat of vaporisation
o S.L.H. to change substance from liquid to gas
o = 𝐿𝑣
11 Thermal (heat) energy transfers
11.1 Types of heat transfers
Conduction
o Transfer of energy from one particle to another through direct contact
Energy transfers from high energy particles to low energy particles as they
bump against one another
Convection
o Transfer of energy through the flow of current in a fluid
A current is formed when a warmer fluid rises forcing the cooler fluid to sink
Radiation
o Transfer of energy through electromagnetic waves
Unlike other types of heat transfers, it doesn’t require a medium to transfer
energy
11.2 Conductors and insulators
Conductors
o Allows transfer of energy throughout the substance very well
o Metals are good conductors as they have free electrons to transfer energy
Insulators
o Doesn’t allow transfer of energy throughout the substance easily
11.3 Absorbers, emitters, and reflectors
Absorbers Emitters Reflectors
Matte black Good Good Bad
Shiny white Bad Bad Good