By: Osama Orabi

1 The Nature of Matter

Chemistry: The study of matter.

Matter: Anything that has a mass and takes up space.

Matter
Types States

Pure Mixture Solid Liquid Gas

Element Compound Homogeneous Heterogeneous

 The
Sublimation

States Melting
(heat)
Evaporation
(heat)

of Matter Freezing
(cool)
Condensation
(cool)

Solid (s) Liquid (l) Gas (g)

1- Particles: packed close far apart
vibrate in their slow moving ,low fast moving
position ,lowest kinetic energy, low ,highest
2- Movement:
kinetic energy ,no speed. kinetic energy
speed. , high speed.
3- Pattern: regular random random
4- Attraction: high low no attraction
5- Shape: definite take the shape of the container
6- Volume: fixed fixed not fixed
7- Density: high low very low
8- The effect of
incompressible incompressible compressible
pressure:
The Effect of Temperature on Matter:
1-Increasing temperature on solids causes it to gain energy and:
a- change to liquid with increasing of the whole size (Expands).
b- if no change in state, expansion happens but particle's
size stays the same.

2-Decreasing temperature on liquid causes it to lose energy and:

a- change to solid with decreasing of the whole size (Contracts).
b- if no change in state , contraction happens but particle's
size stay the same.

* The change from a state to another state is a Physical

Change because there are no new substances formed.
 1.2 From One State to Another
1- Melting:
The change of substance from solid state to liquid state by
heating, at definite temperature (melting point).

• Melting Point (m.p): The temperature at

which a pure solid substance turns into liquid.
Ex: For pure water the melting point = 0 0C.

• Impurities decrease the melting point and results

a range of m.p.
• Ex: For water; any dissolved impurities of any substance
make the melting point less than 0 0C.
 1.2 From One State to Another
2- Freezing (solidification):
The change of substance from liquid state to solid state by
cooling, at definite temperature (freezing point).

• Freezing Point (f.p):

The temperature at which a pure liquid
substance turns into solid.

• Ex: For pure water the freezing point = 0 0C.

Melting point = Freezing point.

 1.2 From One State to Another
3- Evaporation:
The change of substance from liquid state to gas state by
heating, over a range of temperature.
Ex: For pure water, evaporation can happen at any temperature
between ( 0 0C to 100 0C)
* Evaporation happens on the surface of the liquid when the
particles gain enough energy to escape from the surface of
the liquid as a gas.
* Factors affecting Evaporation:
1- Temperature (directly proportion)
2- Surface area (directly proportion)
3- Wind (directly proportion)
4- Humidity (inversely proportion)
 1.2 From One State to Another
4- Boiling:
The change of substance from liquid state to gas state by
heating at definite temperature (boiling point).
• Boiling Point (b.p):
The temperature at which a pure liquid substance turns into gas.
Ex: For pure water the boiling point =1000C.
• Impurities increase (rise)the boiling point and results a range of b.p.
• Boiling happens all over the liquid, when the molecules
within the liquid gain enough energy inside the liquid and
turn into gas (bubbles).
* Factors affecting Boiling:
1- Temperature (directly proportion)
2- Pressure (directly proportion)
 1.2 From One State to Another
5- Condensation:
The change of substance from gas state to liquid state
by cooling over a range of temperatures.
* Factors affecting Condensation:
1- Temperature (inversely proportion)
2- Pressure (direct proportion)

6- Sublimation:
The change of substance from solid state to gas state
without passing through liquid state.
Ex: Sublimation happens in some substances like:
1- Dry ice (CO2)
solid carbon dioxide.
2- Iodine (I2).
 1.3 Heating Curve
Melting Point and Boiling Point:
• Fixed (for pure substance)
• Shown on the curve as:
horizontal lines
At region (A) :
* Process: Melting
* States: solid and liquid
Equilibrium equation: X (s) ⇋ X (l)
* Temperature change: constant
Heat is used to break down
the attractive forces between
solid particles.
At region (B) :
* Process: Boiling
* States: liquid and gas
Equilibrium equation: X (l) ⇋ X (g)
* Temperature change: constant
Heat is used to break down
the attractive forces between
liquid particles.
1.3 Cooling Curve
At region (C) :
* Process: Condensation
* States: gas and liquid
Equilibrium equation: X (g) ⇋ X (l)
* Temperature change: constant
Heat is removed to build
the attractive forces between
gas particles to become liquid.

At region (D) :
* Process: Freezing
* States: liquid and solid
Equilibrium equation: X (l) ⇋ X (s)
* Temperature change: constant
Heat is removed to build
the attractive forces between
liquid particles to become solid.
Changes on “Heating Curve”
(Pure and Impure substance)
Impurities : anything mixed
with a pure substance.
Ex: salt , sugar ,sand and even
dust are considered as
impurities in water.

1- Impurities decrease (lower)

the melting point and so the
freezing point for a pure
substance and results a range
of temp.

2- Impurities increase (rise)

the boiling point for a pure
substance and results a range
of temp.
 The "Kinetic Theory"
1- All matters are made up of very small
particles such as: atom,(ex: Na, S)
and molecule, (ex: NaCl, SO2).

2- Particles are moving all the time and in all directions.

3- The movement of particles depends on:

a- Temperature. (Directly proportion)
b- Mass. (Inversely proportion)
 The Diffusion
*Diffusion: The movement of particles
from the high concentration
region to the low concentration
region (with no energy needed).

* The particles are then spread throughout the area in same concentration.
* Diffusion takes place in liquids and gases regions only but not in solids.
* Diffusion is faster in gases than in liquids because of gases low density.

* Factors affecting diffusion:

1- Temperature: Directly proportion
2- Mass: Directly proportion
 Types of Matter
1- Pure Matter: Matter that contains only one
substance (without impurities).
a- Element: Substance that is made
up of one kind of atoms which
cannot be divided (chemically or
physically or electrically) into
simpler substance.
* Types of Elements:
1- Di- atomic (molecule):
[H2, O2, N2, Cl2, F2, Br2, I2 ]
2- Mono- atomic (single atom):
a single atom present in nature.
* All elements, except the diatomic
and sulfur S8.
b- Compound: Substance that is
made up of two or more different
atoms combined together by a
bond and can be divided into their
elements (chemically or electrically).
* Properties of compounds are very
different from their bonded
original elements.
* In nature; the number of
compounds is much greater than
the elements.
* Compounds can be form by the
(Chemical Reactions).
 Types of Matter
2- Mixture: Two or more substances not
chemically joined together, but physically.
a- Homogeneous (solution):
The mixture of two or more
substances completely mixed together
forming one phase mixture.
* Solute: The dissolved substance in
a solvent.
* Solvent: The liquid that dissolves
in the solute.
* Substance which is able to dissolve
in the solvent is called (Soluble).
* Substance that do not dissolve in
the solvent is called (Insoluble).
* The term “Aqueous Solution”
means that the solvent is water.
Examples of solvents:
(Water / Alcohol).
Examples of solutes :
(Salt / Sugar/ Alcohol).
Examples of solutions :
(Air / Sea water / Alloys / Coin /
Juice /Sugar in water / Tea drink).
 Types of Matter
2- Mixture: Two or more substances not
chemically joined together, but physically.
b- Heterogeneous mixture: * Types of Heterogeneous mixtures:
The mixture of two or more
1- Suspension: Any mixture
substances mixed together forming
two or more phases and the that is made of insoluble
substances remain separate in the solids in water.
mixture. Example: Sand and Water.

* Miscible Liquids: Liquids that can

dissolve each other.
Ex: Alcohol and Water.
*Immiscible Liquids: Liquids that
can’t dissolve each other.
Ex: Oil and Water.
2- Emulsion: Any mixture
that is made of
immiscible liquids
or gases in water.
Example: Oil and Water/ liquid soap
/ cream / fizzy drinks / magnesia.