CHEMISTRY 0620

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 CHEMISTRY 0620

Kinetic theory:
• All matters are composed of small particles (atoms or molecules) that are in constant motion (also
known as kinetic molecular theory of matter or kinetic molecular theory of gases), the physical
properties depend on the conditions.
• There are three states of matter.
Characteristics of different states of matter in terms of kinetic particle theory
Properties Solid Liquid Gas
Arrangement Arranged regularly in Arranged irregularly Arranged irregularly
lattice
Force of attraction High/Strong Moderate/Weaker Low/Almost No
Proximity Close together Slightly separated Far apart
Density high moderate Low
Compressibility low Slightly high
Kinetic energy low moderate high
Motion Vibrate in a fixed Slide over each other Move quickly in all
position directions
Shape Fixed/definite Take the shape of their Take the shape of their
container container/not definite/not
fixed
Volume Fixed Fixed Not fixed, Take the shape of
their container
Fluidity cannot flow Can flow Flow easily
Diagram

Main points of kinetic particle theory

The Kinetic molecular theory of gases is based upon the following main points:

• Matters are made up of small particles.

• Movement and arrangement of Particles are different for the three states of matter.
• Particles are in random motion.
• Particles collide with one another or with the wall of the container.
• The pressure is produced due to the collision of the molecules. The more often the particles collide
with the wall, the greater the pressure. (P∝Collision), (V∝1/P)
• Average kinetic energy depends on temperature. (K.E ∝ T), (V∝T)

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EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE ON THE VOLUME OF A GAS:

• When temperature of a gaseous particles increases

at constant pressure, the kinetic energy increases
that increased collisions with other particles as well
as the walls of the container-volume increases.
(K.E ∝ T)
(V∝T)

• When external pressure on a gaseous particle

increases at constant temperature, the distance
between molecules decreases-volume decreases.
(V∝1/P)

Change in physical states

• When a substance is heated, its Internal energy increases, which is the sum of its Kinetic energy and
its Potential energy.
• When the internal energy increases, either the Kinetic energy increases or the potential energy
increases but neither increases at the same time.
• When the Kinetic energy increases the particles start to move quickly and the temperature of the
substance rises.
• When the Potential energy increases, Latent heat is absorbed which overcomes the forces of
attraction between particles, causes the particles to move further away from each other and causes
a change in state of the substance.
• During a change in state, there is no change in temperature as all the heat energy is used as latent
heat to overcome the force of attraction between particles.

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Heat

Increase in internal energy

Increase in K.E Increase in P.E

Increase in Temp Change in state

Interconversion of different states of matter in terms of kinetic particle theory

Kinetic theory can be used to explain how a substance undergoes change from one state to another.

Melting
• During melting, the solid is heated.
• The particles gain heat energy which transforms into kinetic energy.
• The particles start to vibrate more vigorously.
• The forces of attraction between the particles decrease.
• The particles move away from each other and the solid is changed into a liquid at a specific
temperature known as the melting point (m.p)

Boiling
• During boiling, a liquid is heated.
• The particles of the liquid gain energy.
• The particles start to move quickly.
• The forces of attraction between the particles decrease.
• The particles move further away from each other, bubbles of gas appear inside the liquid and the
liquid is changed into a gas at a specific temperature known as the boiling point (b.p.).
Note:

• Higher the volatility lower will be the boiling point and evaporates more easily (V ∝1/B.p)
• The boiling point of a liquid changes if atmospheric pressure changes (B.p∝ A.p)
• The temperature at which the vapour pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure (1atm, 101kPa) is the
boiling point of the liquid (vapour pressure = external pressure)

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Evaporation

• Evaporation occurs when a liquid changes into a gas and occurs over a range of temperatures.
• Evaporation occurs only at the surface of a liquid where high energy particles can escape from the
liquid's surface at low temperatures, below the b.p of the liquid.
• The larger the surface area and the warmer the liquid surface, the more quickly a liquid can
evaporate.

Note: Factors effecting evaporation

• Larger the surface area faster the liquid evaporation (S.A∝ E)

• The warmer the liquid faster the liquid evaporation

Freezing
• It’s the reverse of melting and occurs at the same temperature as melting.
• melting point and freezing point of a pure substance are the same. Water, for example, freezes and
melts at 0 ºC.
• During freezing, the particles of the liquid lose energy.
• The particles come closer towards each other, and the liquid is changed into a solid at a specific
temperature known as the freezing point (f.p.).

Condensation
• It’s the reverse of evaporation.
• During condensation, the particles of the gas lose energy.
• The particles start to move slowly.
• The forces of attraction between the particles increase.
• The particles come closer to each other, and the gas is changed into a liquid.

Sublimation

• Sublimation occurs when a solid changes directly into a gas.

• This only happens to a few solids, such as iodine or solid carbon dioxide (dry ice).
• The reverse reaction also happens and is called desublimation or deposition.

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