•Using the particulate drawings,

compare the 3 states of matter in

terms of the following:

A. Arrangement of particles
B. Forces between the particles
C. Motion of the particles
 PARTICULATE
NATURE OF THE 3
STATES OF
MATTER
TAKE NOTE:
• Force of attraction between particles of matter tends to
pull the particles together.

• The movement of particles tends to spread the particles

apart.

• Particles in constant motion possess kinetic energy.

 SOLIDS
• particles have low kinetic energy
• have very strong force of attraction between
particles than the forces pulling them apart
• particles are confined to vibrate just about their
fixed positions
 LIQUIDS
• particles have moderate kinetic energy
• particles slide past each other
• particles break out of the constraint within a
defined structure
• force of attraction between particles is just
enough to hold them together
 GASES
• particles have high kinetic energy
• particles move rapidly
• kinetic energy is greater than the force attracting
them to each other
• particles easily and randomly spread into any
available space
 COMPARISON OF THE 3 STATES OF
MATTER
PROPERTY SOLID LIQUID GAS

- closely packed - close together - far apart

ARRANGEMENT OF - orderly arranged - disorderly - In random
PARTICLES - follows the shape of arrangement
its container
FORCES ACTING - very strong - strong very minimal
BETWEEN PARTICLES

MOVEMENT OF - vibrate in their fixed - randomly slide past - move very quickly
PARTICLES positions each other and randomly
- fluid - very fluid

KINETIC ENERGY OF - low - moderate - high

PARTICLES
TAKE NOTE:
• constant motion of particles = kinetic energy

• kinetic energy is dependent on temperature

• high temperature
= greater kinetic energy
= faster movement of particles

• temperature causes changes in the state of matter

 PARTICULATE
NATURE OF PHASE
CHANGES
 PHASE CHANGE
• it is a change in the physical state that matter undergoes
• it occurs either by:
ABSORPTION or
RELEASE of energy in the form of HEAT
• it involves the rearrangement of particles in a given material
• Example:
Ice 🡪 water 🡪 vapor
(solid) (liquid) (gas)
 1. Melting
• it is a change from solid to liquid state
 2. Evaporation
• a change from liquid to gaseous state
 3. Freezing
• A change from liquid to solid state of matter.

liquid releases heat

particles lose kinetic energy

particles become strongly attracted to each other and form

a neat arrangement
 4. Condensation
• it is the change of matter from gaseous phase to liquid
phase
 5. Sublimation
• it is the change of matter from solid phase to gaseous phase without
undergoing the liquid state
• TRIPLE POINT
🡪 it is the pressure and temperature at which a substance can exist in
solid, liquid and gaseous form
• Below triple point
🡪 solid water (ice) sublimates
🡪 ice 🡪 gas (with a temperature increase never passing
through a liquid phase)
Earth’s atmospheric pressure = 14.7 psi
 6. Deposition
• reverse process of sublimation
• changing gaseous substances to solid
without passing the liquid state
 BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE
• a special state of matter
• atoms in a confined gas act together like a single giant
particle after being cooled to a temperature near
absolute zero
• Albert Einstein in 1925 🡪 predicted phenomenon on
ultracold atoms (atoms with temperature near
absolute zero)
• created by a team of American scientists (1995) and
won a Nobel Prize in Physics (2001):
Eric Cornell
Carl Wieman
Wolfgang Ketterle
BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE
PROCESS:
• atoms were confined in a magnetic field within a
vacuum chamber and subjected to a set of laser
beams
• the atoms absorbed and emit photons that carry off
energy, causing the atoms to cool
• atoms were cooled to a very low temperature
(within 200 billionths of a degree Celsius) but still
above absolute zero
• Rubidium, Sodium, Lithium, and Hydrogen 🡪
elements that have been cooled to a BEC state
BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE
• derived from the names of Einstein and
Satyendra Nath Bose

SATYENDRA NATH BOSE

🡪 an Indian mathematician and theoretical physicist
🡪 impressed Einstein with his initial works in the field
of statistical mechanics
🡪 worked collaboratively with Einstein and explore a
highly mathematical area in Physics (Bose-Einstein statistics)
 • COMPLETE THE TABLE
PROPERTY SOLID LIQUID GAS

ARRANGEMENT
OF PARTICLES
FORCES ACTING
BETWEEN
PARTICLES
MOVEMENT OF
PARTICLES
KINETIC
ENERGY OF
PARTICLES
PHASE CHANGE EXPLANATION
MELTING
FREEZING
EVAPORATION
CONDENSATION
SUBLIMATION
DEPOSITION