Physical Principles

Objectives
 Explain the differences among temperature, heat,
and enthalpy and show the relationship between
temperature scales;
 Describe and use the energy equation;
 Identify the changes that occur when a substance
changes between its liquid and vapor states;
 Use the saturated property tables for water and
sensible and latent heat equations
 Make some general conclusions regarding energy
conversations in HVAC.
 Heat and temperature
 Heat is the form of energy that transfers
from one body to another due to a
temperature difference.

21C
21C

93C 4C
Heat and temperature
 Enthalpy
 Kinetic energy
 Potential energy

 Enthalpy- a property of a body that

measures its heat content.
 Energy conservation equation

What will be the problem in the room?

 Liquid, vapor and change of state

A Macroscopic Comparison of Gases, Liquids and Solids

 Liquid, vapor and change of
state

In a liquid
 Molecules are in random motion;
 There are appreciable intermolecular forces holding molecules close
together
Evaporation and Condensation

evaporation--->
LIQUID Add energy VAPOR
break IM bonds

make IM bonds
Remove energy
<---condensation
 Evaporation
 Molecules at the surface break away
and become gas.
 Only those with enough KE escape
 Evaporation is a cooling process.
 It requires heat.
 Endothermic.
 Condensation
 Change from gas to liquid
 Achieves a dynamic equilibrium with
vaporization in a closed system.
 What is a closed system?
 A closed system means
matter can’t go in or out.
(put a cork in it)
 What the heck is a
“dynamic equilibrium?”
 Dynamic equilibrium

 When first sealed the molecules

gradually escape the surface of
the liquid
 As the molecules build up above
the liquid some condense back to
a liquid.
 Dynamic equilibrium

 As time goes by the rate of vaporization

remains constant
 but the rate of condensation increases
because there are more molecules to
condense.
 Equilibrium is reached when
 Dynamic equilibrium

Rate of Vaporization =
Rate of Condensation
 Molecules are constantly changing
phase “Dynamic”
 The total amount of liquid and vapor
remains constant “Equilibrium”
 Vaporization

 Vaporization is an endothermic
process - it requires heat.
 Energy is required to overcome
intermolecular forces
 Responsible for cool earth.
 Why we sweat. (Never let them see
you.)
 Boiling

 A liquid boils when the vapor pressure =

the external pressure
 Normal Boiling point is the temperature
a substance boils at 1 atm pressure.
 The temperature of a liquid can never
rise above its boiling point.
 Changing the Boiling Point

 Lower the pressure (going up into the

mountains).
 Lower external pressure requires lower
vapor pressure.
 Lower vapor pressure means lower
boiling point.
 Food cooks slower.
 Changing the Boiling Point
 Raise the external pressure (Use a
pressure cooker).
 Raises the vapor pressure needed.
 Raises the boiling point.
 Food cooks faster.
Liquid, vapor and change of state
 Dependence of boiling
temperature on pressure
Ideal gas law