GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

KINETIC MELECULAR MODEL OF LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS

Q1. How do liquids and solids compare with gases in terms of attractive forces?
Answer: The particles in a liquid usually are still touching but there are some spaces between them. The
gas particles have big distances between them. Solid – In a solid, the attractive forces keep the particles
together tightly enough so that the particles do not move past each other.

Q2. How are attractive forces related to the motion and the amount of kinetic energy of the particles?
Answer: The temperature of a substance is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles.
There are attractive forces between atoms/molecules, and these become stronger as the particles move
closer together. These attractive forces are called intermolecular forces.

INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

Q1. What are the different intermolecular forces commonly exist in molecules? Explain each.
Answer: There are five types of intermolecular forces: ion-dipole forces, ion-induced-dipole
forces, dipole-dipole forces, dipole-induced dipole forces and induced dipole forces.

Q2. Rank the intermolecular forces from weakest to strongest. Discuss each.
Answer: In order from strongest to weakest, the intermolecular forces given in the answer choices are:
ion-dipole, hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole, and Van der Waals forces. Ionic bonding is stronger than
any of the given intermolecular forces, but is itself NOT an intermolecular force.

Q3. Which assumptions of the kinetic molecular theory for gases are modified to explain the shape and
volume of liquids and solids?
Answer: The kinetic-molecular theory describes the behavior of an ideal gas. Assumptions of the
kinetic-molecular theory include the following: Gas particles are in constant, random motion.
The volume of gas particles is negligible in comparison to the volume of the container.

THINK AND GENERATE IDEAS:

1. Describe the nature of liquids by relating it with intermolecular attractive forces.
Ans. Liquids, solids, and gases. Liquids flow because the intermolecular forces between molecules
are weak enough to allow the molecules to move around relative to one another. Intermolecular
forces are the forces between neighboring molecules. At a molecular level, liquids have some
properties of gases and some of solids.

2. What is the relationship between vapor pressure and boiling point?

Ans. The vapour pressure of the liquid will be high if the intermolecular forces are weak. In this
case, very less heat energy is required to separate the molecules.

3. Explain why rubbing alcohol, which has been warmed to your body temperature feels cold when
applied to your skin.
Ans. The alcohol feels cold because of a process called evaporative cooling. Like all matter, the
alcohol is made of tiny particles called molecules. Heat energy is the movement of these
molecules. When something gets warmer its molecules move faster.
 4. Why does the temperature of a boiling liquid remain constant when heat is continuously being
added?
Ans. When boiling occurs, the more energetic molecules change to a gas, spread out, and form
bubbles. These rise to the surface and enter the atmosphere. In addition, gas molecules leaving
the liquid remove thermal energy from the liquid. Therefore the temperature of the liquid
remains constant during boiling.

WATER AND ITS PROPERTIES

1. What unusual properties are observed in water?
Ans. water has the highest surface tension for all liquids. Water's high surface tension is due to the
hydrogen bonding in water molecules. Water also has an exceptionally high heat of vaporization.

2. How does hydrogen affect the boiling point and the normal boiling point of a liquid.
Ans. Molecules with hydrogen bonds will always have higher boiling points than similarly sized
molecules which don't have an an -O-H or an -N-H group. The hydrogen bonding makes the
molecules "stickier," such that more heat (energy) is required to separate them.

3. Distinguish between the boiling point and the normal boiling point of a liquid.
Ans. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to the
pressure of the gas above it. The normal boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its
vapor pressure is equal to one atmosphere (760 torr).

4. The amount of water present on Earth is constant. In spite of this, water crisis is experienced by
people in some communities/countries. Why is there an inadequacyof water supply?
Ans. Climate change, such as altered weather-patterns (including droughts or floods), deforestation,
increased pollution, green house gases, and wasteful use of water can cause insufficient supply.

BOTTLED WATER FILTRATION PROCESS- HOW ARE THEY DONE?

Once the water is at the bottling facility, it goes through a carbon filtration process to remove the
chlorine. This process may separate spring from tap water, but nitrates, metals, and
more are likely to remain.

What are the 5 stages of the filtration process for private water supplies?
These include: (1) Collection ; (2) Screening and Straining ; (3) Chemical Addition ; (4)
Coagulation and Flocculation ; (5) Sedimentation and Clarification ; (6) Filtration ; (7)
Disinfection ; (8) Storage ; (9) and finally Distribution.