Chapter 19

The States of Matter

The states of Matter
Describe the structure of solids, liquids and gases

- Solids - particles arranged regularly and packed closely together. Vibrate in fixed
positions. Strong forces between particles
- Liquids - particles are mostly touching with some gaps. Particles move about at random.
Medium forces between particles
Gases - particles move at random (Brownian motion) and quickly. Particles are far apart.
Weak forces between particles.

Thermal expansion of Solid, Liquid and Gas:

All three states of matter expand when heated. The atoms themselves do not expand, but the volume
they take up does. In physics, Thermal expansion can be defined as the change in the length, width,
height, or volume of any material on changing the temperature.

Comparison of thermal expansion in solid, liquid and gases:

1. All the three states namely solid, liquid and gases expand on heating.

2. Solid expands very less as compared to liquid and gases.

3. Gases expands much more than liquid and solids.

 4. This happens because intermolecular force of attraction is very strong in solids, intermediate in
liquids and very weak in case of gases.

Examples of thermal expansion in solid, liquid and gas:

Brownian Motion:
Brownian motion is the random motion of particles suspended in a medium (a liquid or a
gas). This motion pattern typically consists of random fluctuations in a particle's position inside a
fluid.
Changes of State:
Heating a system increases its internal energy and causes either an increase in temperature
or a change of state.

Give the proper name for the following conversions:

Solid —> liquid (melting)

- Liquid —> gas (boiling)

- Gas —> liquid (condensing)
- Liquid —> solid (freezing)
- Solid—> gas (sublimation)
Describe the process of boiling

- Regions within a liquid turning to gas

- Gas rises through the liquid releasing vapor from the surface
- At boiling point - temperature stays the same despite continued energy input
- Continued energy input separates the molecules to form gas
Describe the process of melting

- Solid turns to liquid

- Thermal energy is absorbed —> temperature rises
- Energy eventually sufficient to overcome molecular attraction
- At this point more energy does not increase temperature, but separates the molecules
faster

Explain the relationship between temperature of an object and its internal energy (heat)

- Temperature measures how hot something is, measured in Celsius or Kelvin

- Higher temperatures mean more internal energy
- Thermal energy makes the molecules of a substance vibrate more (increases kinetic
energy)
 - This vibration means each molecule is carrying more energy
Heating a system increases its internal energy and causes either an increase in
temperature or a change of state.
● When the temperature of a body rises, the energy goes towards making the
molecules vibrate more and increases their kinetic energy.
● When a body changes state, energy goes towards making the molecules freer from
each other rather than increasing their kinetic energy – the temperature stays
constant.
Graph showing the temperature of ice with time when energy is put in at a constant rate:

● From A to B the ice is rising in temperature

● From B to C it is melting into water
● From C to D the water is rising in temperature
● From D to E the water is boiling into steam
● From E to F the steam is rising in temperature

A graph of temperature against time will show a flat region where the ice is melting

Note:

The thermal energy supplied does not contribute to the average kinetic energy of the particles in the ice -
rather, it is used to weaken the bonds between the particles so they become freer to slide around each
other (i.e., a liquid!) Once the ice is fully melted, the temperature of the liquid water begins rising again.

Define specific heat capacity:

Change in thermal energy = mass x specific heat capacity x change in temperature
The specific heat capacity is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1kg of a
substance by 1℃ and is measured in Joules per kilogram degree Celsius (J/kg℃).
ΔQ = m × c × ΔT
 Here:
• ΔQ = change in thermal
energy, in joules (J)
• m = mass, in
kilograms(kg)
• c = specific heat capacity, in joules per kilogram per degree
Celsius (J/kg °C)
• ΔT = change in temperature, in degrees Celsius (°C)

Worked Example
Water of mass 0.48 kg is increased in temperature by 0.7 °C. The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J
/ kg °C. Calculate the amount of thermal energy transferred to the water.

ΔQ = (0.48) × (4200) × (0.7) = 1411.2

ΔQ = 1400 J

Investigating Specific Heat Capacity

 Energy supplied = Energy taken in

Vit= mc ΔT

Ideal gas molecules

Gas molecules move rapidly and randomly due to collisions with other gas molecules.

Gases exert pressure on a container due to collisions between gas molecules and the wall.
When the molecules rebound off the walls, they change direction so their velocity and
therefore
The Gas Laws:

• Boyle’s Law
• Charles Law
• Pressure Law
Boyle’s law: is a gas law which states that the pressure exerted by a gas (of a given mass, kept at a
constant temperature) is inversely proportional to the volume occupied by it.
P ∝ (1/V)

The relationship between the pressure and volume of a fixed mass of gas at
constant temperature:
- p1V1 = p2V2

Charles law: States that the volume of an ideal gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature
at constant pressure.
V∝T
Pressure law: The pressure of a given amount of gas held at constant volume is directly proportional to
the Kelvin temperature. P∝T
 ● At a constant volume, if the temperature increases, the pressure increases because the
molecules move faster so they collide harder and more frequently with the walls.
𝑃1 𝑃2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2

How is pressure created by gas in a container?

- Random movement
- Gas particles collide with walls of container
- Creating small force

Why does the pressure of a gas increase with increased temperature?

- Molecules move faster so they hit the walls with more force
- Number of impacts per second increases
- Total force increases

What is absolute zero?

The temperature at which the pressure is zero is called absolute zero (-273℃).
The Kelvin scale of temperature defines absolute zero to be 0K with an increment of
one Kelvin equal to an increment of one degree Celsius. This means that:
▪ temperature in kelvin = temperature in degrees celsius + 273
- 0C = 273K
What is 20C in K?
- 293K

What is 50K in C?
- -223C