Chapter-11 

THERMAL PROPERTIES OF
MATTER  
 HEAT AND TEMPERATURE
HEAT : Heat is a form of energy transferred between a
system and surroundings by virtue of difference in its
quantities between them.

TEMPERATURE:  Measure (quantity) of average

kinetic energy of the particles in matter.

SI UNITS:
HEAT: joule ( J)
TEMPERATURE: kelvin (K)
 MEASUREMENT OF TEMPARATURE
 Thermometer is the device used to measure temperature of a given system / body.
 Example : Liquid ( Mercury and Alcohol ) in glass thermometer.
 Working Principle :  Temperature variations are read by variations
in volume of liquid in a capillary tube. 
 Temperature Scale: A thermometer can be calibrated for a scale
between two fixed points. The two convenient fixed points are ice
point and steam point of pure water at standard pressure. 
 Different thermometers use different temperature scales.(Why?? ) 

 The two common scales used are Celsius and Fahrenheit.

 The Celsius scale(tc) and Fahrenheit temperature (tf )are
related by  tf = (9/5) tc + 32
                  READINGS OF TEMPERATURES FROM  LIQUID IN
GLASS THERMOMETERS DIFFER OTHER THAN THE
FIXED POINTS DUE TO DIFFERING EXPANSION
PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT LIQUIDS.
 IDEAL GAS EQUATION AND ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE
All gases at low densities exhibit same
expansion behavior.
Since PV = constant (Boyle's Law)
And V/T = constant (Charle's Law)

Then PV/T =constant(IDEAL GAS

EQUATION)
             PV = µ RT 
  µ ---> Number of moles of the given
gas.
  R ---> Gas constant.
 As PV ∞ T, holding volume constant, gases
can be used  to measure or read variation in
temperature in terms of pressure ( P∞ T ). 
 Absolute Temperature and Kelvin Scale
 All gases reach zero pressure
with decreasing temperature.
  i.e., Temperature corresponding
to  -273.15°C pressure of all
gases reaches  zero.
 This temperature is
0K
called ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE.
On this scale, -273.15°C is taken as
the zero kelvin ( O K )
°C
              T = (Tc + 273.15 ) K
C --> Celcius.
 Thermal expansion 
• Thermal expansion is the phenomenon in which the dimensions of the body
increase with increase in temperature.
• Solids goes linear, area and volume expansion responding to increase in
temperature.
• Fluids (Liquids and gases) goes only expansion in volume is possible as they do
not have fixed shapes. 
• Coefficient of thermal expansion differs materials to materials.
• Coefficient of Linear expansion: Ratio
of linear expansion to change in
temperature. αL =    ΔL   
         LxΔT
• Coefficient of Area Expansion: Ratio
of surface area expansion to change in
temperature. αA =    ΔA  
            VxΔA
• Coefficient of Volume expansion: 
Ratio of volume expansion to change in
temperature. αV =    ΔV   
         VxΔT
αA  = 2αL,                       αV = 3 αL
Anomalous expansion of water
• Water contracts on heating 
between 0°C and 4°C. As a result water
volume decreases and hence density
increases.
• When water is heated above 4°C ,
volume increases and density
decreases.
 DESITY OF WATER IS MAXIMUN AT 4°C.
• Water bodies such as lake  and pond
freeze from the top to bottom.
• As the lake cools towards 4°C, water
near the surface loses energy to the
atmosphere, becomes denser and (ICE)
sinks.
• The warmer, lesser denser water near
the bottom rises.
 LIFE IS POSSIBLE ONLY BECAUSE OF
THIS PROPERTY OF WATER.
 Thermal Stress
 When a rod is held between two fixed two
supports and its temperature is increased, the
fixed supports do not allow the rod to expand,
rather it acquires compressive strain due to a
 stress called thermal stress.
Example:
 Consider a rod of length L and area of cross
section A that is prevented from expanding
while the temperature rises by ΔT. Let the
coefficient of linear expansion and Young's
modulus  of it be  αL  and Y respectively.

Then the compressive strain is ΔL/L =  αL ΔT.

Thermal stress developed in the rod is given
by ΔF/A = Y ( ΔL/L).
 Or  ΔF/A = Y αL ΔT.
SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
SPECIFIC MOLAR HEAT CAPACITY
HEAT CAPACITY :
Heat capacity or thermal capacity is a physical property of matter, defined as the
amount of heat to be supplied to a given mass of a material to produce a unit
change in its temperature. The SI unit of heat capacity is joule per kelvin (J/K).

S = ΔQ/ΔT (J/K).
SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY: 
The amount of heat absorbed or rejected to change the temperature of unit mass of it
by one unit of a substance.

s =  S/m  = (1/m) ΔQ (J K-1 Kg-1)

                               ΔT 
 Molar
   specific heat capacity :
Molar heat capacity or molar specific heat capacity is the amount of heat energy
required to raise the temperature of 1 mole of a substance.
C = S/µ = (1/µ) ΔQ (J mol –1 K –1)
                               ΔT 
Calorimeter
Regnault's Apparatus Calorimetry
CHANGE OF STATE
Regelation is defined as the
phenomenon in which the ice
melts to the water below 0°C
on the application of pressure
and refreezes back to ice on the
removal of pressure.

Regelation demonstrates the

idea of compressing the ice and
turning it into water under
pressure and when the pressure
is removed, it solidifies again.