CHAPTER 5 (PHYSICS)

HEAT AND ITS

EFFECTS
 HEAT

When a hot object and a

cold object come in contact
with each other, a type of
energy flows from the hot
object to the colder one.
This energy is called heat
energy.
Heat always transfer from body of higher
temperature to body of lower temperature or heat
flows spontaneously from a hotter body to a cooler
body.
 Hot and cold
Some objects are hotter than others and some are
colder than others. We often decide which object is
hotter than the other by touching the objects.

Activity

.
 Hot and Cold
Your left hand feels the cold temperature of the water in the first bowl.
Your right hand feels the hotness of the water in the second bowl.
The left hand feels the water is hot and the right hand feels the water to be
somewhat cool. This is because the left hand was initially kept in cold water and the
right hand was kept in hot water. Thus, we cannot estimate the temperature of a
substance by simply touching it and cannot make a conclusion about the hotness of
coldness of the water in third bowl.
We cannot always rely on our sense of touch to decide how hot
or how cold an object is. The hotness of an object is measured
by its temperature.
EFFECTS OF HEAT
Fill a vessel up to the brim with water. Drop few pieces of vegetables
in it. Heat the vessel and observe various types of changes take place.

CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE
The water becomes warmer on heating, that is, its temperature rises.

EXPANSION
As the water heats up, some of it overflows, i.e., its volume increases.
EFFECTS OF HEAT
CHANGE OF STATE
As water boils, some part of it changes to steam.

CHEMICAL CHANGES
Chemical changes take place on heating. During cooking of vegetables, they
become soft and taste changes.

HEAT AFFECTS LIVING ORGANISMS

Many bacteria that were present in water have died.
EXPANSION IN SOLIDS
 EXPANSION IN LIQUIDS

Increase in temperature raises the level of water

EXPANSION IN LIQUIDS
EXPANSION IN GASES
 EXPANSION IN GASES

Keeping an inflated (blown) An inflated balloon is placed in

balloon in the sun for some an ice cold water
time
 EXPANSION AROUND US

Fixing of metallic rim over a Expansion of brass in Fire Alarm

wooden wheel
EXPANSION AROUND US

Pyrex glass
Loosening of metal caps
 Temperature
Temperature is a measure of the degree of hotness or coldness of
an object.
The temperature of an object tells us how hot or cold object is.
 MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERATURE
❖ Temperature is measured by a device called
thermometer.
❖ Temperature is measured in degrees.
❖ Temperature is usually measured on two scales: 37 ° 98.6 °
C F
Celsius and Fahrenheit.
❖ °C is the symbol for the Celsius scale.
❖ °F is the symbol for the Fahrenheit scale.
MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERATURE
On the Celsius scale , the freezing point of water is
00C whereas its boiling point is 1000C. So this
scale is calibrated from 00C to 1000C.
On the Fahrenheit scale , the freezing point of
water is 320F whereas its boiling point is 2120F.
So this scale is calibrated from 320F to 2120F.
 CLINICAL THERMOMETERS
The thermometer that measures the
temperature of our body is called clinical
thermometer.
 CONSTRUCTION OF CLINICAL THERMOMETER

•A clinical thermometer has a long Uniform glass

narrow glass tube. tube
• It has a bulb at one end containing
mercury.
Graduated scale
• It two temperature scales marked
on the two sides of the mercury
thread.
Mercury
Boiling point = 356.7 °C Bulb
Freezing point = -38.83 °C Kink
 CONSTRUCTION OF CLINICAL THERMOMETER

•A clinical thermometer reads temperature from 35 °C to 42

°C on one side and 94 °F to 108 °F to the other.

•The clinical thermometer has a small kink (constriction)

near the bulb to prevent the mercury level from falling
down.
HOW TO USE THE CLINICAL
THERMOMETER
READING A CLINICAL THERMOMETER
The normal temperature of the human body is 37 °C.
 LABORATORY THERMOMETER
•It is used to measure the temperature of
chemicals/solutions in school or other
laboratories for scientific purpose as they
measure temperatures to a range higher
than clinical thermometers.
•A laboratory thermometer has a long
narrow glass tube. It has a bulb at one end
containing mercury. It has a scale marked
in °C (degree Celsius). The range of a
laboratory thermometer is generally from
- 10 °C to 110 °C.
 MEASURING TEMPERATURE OF SOLUTION WITH LABORATORY
THERMOMETER

•Take any solution in a beaker.

•Dip the thermometer in the solution so that the
bulb of the thermometer does not touch the
bottom or the sides of the beaker else it may
fracture the glass.
•Hold the thermometer vertically.
•The mercury level rises.
•Wait till the level of mercury becomes steady.
•Note the level of mercury.
•This will be the temperature of the solution.
 PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN WHILE HANDLING A
LABORATORY THERMOMETER

1. It should be kept upright.

2. Never hold the thermometer by the bulb while reading it.
3. Wash the thermometer with water or antiseptic solution before
and after use.
4. While performing the experiment, don’t touch the bulb of the
thermometer with the wall of the beaker.
5.Read the thermometer keeping the level of mercury at the same
level as the eye.
 Difference between clinical and laboratory
thermometer
Clinical Thermometer Laboratory Thermometer

Clinical thermometer is graduated from 35°C to 42°C or Laboratory thermometer is usually graduated from -10°
from 94°F to 108°F. C to 110°C.

Mercury level does not fall quickly as there is a kink near

the bulb to prevent the fall of mercury level before the Mercury level falls on its own as it has no kink.
temperature is read.

Temperature can be read after removing the thermometer Temperature is read by keeping the thermometer in the
from armpit or mouth. substance whose temperature is to be measured.

To lower the mercury level, jerks are given to the

It is not required to give jerk to lower the mercury level.
thermometer.
It is used to take temperature of chemicals in the
It is used for taking the body temperature.
laboratory.
 DIGITAL THERMOMETERS

Digital (electronic) thermometers

are preferred over conventional
mercury thermometer.
Digital thermometers are easy to
read because it gives LCD Display
of the temperature of the person.
They are also mercury free.
Forehead strip thermometer
A liquid crystal
thermometer, temperature
strip or plastic strip
thermometer is a type
of thermometer that contains
heat-sensitive
(thermochromic) liquid
crystals in a plastic strip that
change colour to indicate
different temperatures.
 Conversion of Celsius scale into
Fahrenheit scale
0
F = 0C x (9/5) + 32
Conversion of Fahrenheit scale into
Celsius scale
0
C = (0 F - 32) x (5/9)
CONVERSION FROM ONE SCALE TO ANOTHER

We know that
0ºC = 32ºF
100ºC = 212ºF
Therefore, the interval of 100(100 –
0) in ºC is equal to an interval of 180
(212 – 32) in ºF. That is, the ratio of
ºC to ºF is 100:180 or 5:9.
Convert 40 °C to the Fahrenheit scale.

Solution: 0F = 0C x ( 9/5) + 32
Step I: Multiply the number of degree by 9.
= 40° × 9
= 360°

Step II: Divide the product by 5.

= 360° ÷ 5
= 72°

Step III: Add 32 to the result.

= 72 + 32
= 104° F

Therefore, 40° C = 104° F

Convert 30°C to the Fahrenheit scale.
Solution: 30° C = 86° F

Convert 75°C to the Fahrenheit scale.

Solution: 75° C = 167° F
Convert 86°F to the Celsius scale.

Solution: 0C = ( 0 F - 32) x ( 5/9)

Step I
Subtract 32 from the degrees.
= 86° - 32
= 54°

Step II
Multiply the result by 5.
= 54° × 5
= 270°

Step III
Divide the product by 9.
= 270° ÷ 9
= 30° C Therefore, 86° F = 30° C
Convert 104° F to the Celsius scale.
Solution: 104° F = 40° C

Convert 113°F to the Celsius scale.

Solution: 113° F = 45° C
 TEMPERATURE ON KELVIN SCALE

On the Kelvin scale , the freezing

point of water is 273.15K whereas
its boiling point is 373.15K.
Boiling point 373K 212°F 100°C
of water

Freezing point 273K 32°F 0°C

of water

Absolute Zero 0K -460°F -273°C

Human body 310.15K 98.6°F 37°C

temperature
Celsius (°C) Kelvin (K)
-273.15 °C 0K
-50 °C 223.15 K
-40 °C 233.15 K
-30 °C 243.15 K
-20 °C 253.15 K
-10 °C 263.15 K
0 °C 273.15 K
Kelvin to Celsius conversion formula
The temperature T in degrees Celsius (°C) is
equal to the temperature T in Kelvin (K)
minus 273.15:
T(°C) = T(K) - 273.15
Example
Convert 300 Kelvin to degrees Celsius:
T(°C) = 300K - 273.15 = 26.85 °C
Celsius to Kelvin conversion formula
The temperature T in Kelvin (K) is equal to
the temperature T in degrees Celsius (°C)
plus 273.15:
T(K) = T(°C) + 273.15
Example
Convert 10 degrees Celsius to Kelvin:
T(K) = 10°C + 273.15 = 283.15 K