Topic 1 State of matter

1.1 Solids, liquids and gases

Candidates should be able to:
1.1. State the distinguishing properties of solids, liquids and gases
1
1.1. Describe the structures of solids, liquids and gases in terms of particle separation,
2 arrangement and motion

1. Kinetic Particle Theory

All matter is made of particles which are in constant random motion. This accounts
for the properties of the three states of matter and the changes of states.

2. Properties of the Three States of Matter

Property Solid Liquid Gas

Structure

Packing of Packed Closely

Spaced far apart from
Particles Tightly packed. together, but not as
each other
(Separation) tightly as in solids.

Regular
No regular No regular
Arrangement arrangement(orderly)
arrangement. arrangement

Particles move freely

Particles slide past
Movement of Can only vibrate at high speeds.
each other.
particles about fixed positions Collide less often
Collide often
than in liquid

No fixed shape. No fixed shape.

Shape Fixed Shape
Takes on the shape of Takes on the shape of
the container it is in. the container it is in.
 Fixed volume. Fixed volume.
No fixed volume.
Volume
Not easily Not easily
Easily compressed.
Compressed. compressed.

1) The table gives about 4 substances.

Which substance has particles in a disorderly arrangement at room temperature?

Melting point / ° C Boiling point / °C

A -114 -80
B 120 445
C 750 1407
D 1610 2230

2) Butanoic acid, C3H7COOH, is a carboxylic acid.

a) Describe the movement and arrangement of the particles in liquid Butanoic acid.

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b) The melting point of Butanoic acid is -4°C.

The boiling point of Butanoic acid is 166°C.

Deduce the physical state of Butanoic acid at 0°C. Explain your answer.

Physical State................................................................................................................

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Candidates should be able to:

1.1.3 Describe and explain changes of state (melting, boiling, evaporation, freezing and
condensing) in terms of kinetic particle theory
1.1.4 Interpret and explain heating and cooling curves in terms of kinetic particle theory

3. Changes of State

Heating Curve:
The following diagram shows the temperature change when a substance undergoes
change in state.
  At parts where the graph arise, heat is supplied to the substance to raise its
temperature.
 The graph becomes flat when the substance undergoes a change in state.
 The graph remains flat as heat is taken to overcome the interactions between
the particles.

Cooling Curve:

The following diagrams shows the temperature change when a pure substance undergoes
cooling.

 At parts where the graph falls, heat is given out from the substance to the
surroundings and its temperature decreases.

 The graph becomes flat when the substance undergoes a change in state.

 The graph remains flat as the particles from bonds, producing heat which is
given out to the surroundings.

1. Melting: Occurs at the melting point. (S  L)

Particles absorb heat and vibrate more vigorously, allowing them to overcome
the Forces of attraction holding them in fixed positions. The particles now
slide past each other.
2. Freezing: Occurs at the melting point. (L  S)

Particles release heat and move more slowly. Forces of attraction are formed
and the particles are forced to be held in a fixed and orderly arrangement. The
particles now Vibrate about fixed position.

3. Boiling: Occurs at the boiling point. (L  G)

Particles absorb heat and gain more kinetic energy. The particles move fast
enough to completely overcome the forces of attraction. The particles now
move freely at high speed.

4. Evaporation: Occurs below the boiling point. (L  G)

Particles at the surface gain sufficient energy to escape into the surroundings.

5. Condensation: Occurs at the boiling point. (G  L)

Particles release heat and move more slowly. The forces of attraction are
then able to hold the particles. The particles now slide past each other.
 Candidates should be able to:
1.1. Describe and explain, in terms of kinetic particle theory, the effects of temperature
5 and pressure on the volume of a gas

As the pressure applied to a piston is

doubled, the volume inside a cylinder is
halved.

When the volume decreases, the

pressure increases. This shows that the
pressure of a gas is inversely
proportional to its volume.

Kinetic particle theory explanation

 Because the volume has decreased, the particles will collide more frequently with the
walls of the container, exerting greater force on the walls.

 As volume decreases, the pressure (the gaseous particles exert) will increase.

The volume of a gas rises as its

temperature is raised / increased.
This shows that the volume of a gas is
directly proportional to its
temperature.

Kinetic particle theory explanation

 At higher temperature, the gas particles gain more kinetic energy, so they move
 faster. Faster moving particles collide with the container walls more frequently, with

greater force.

 If pressure is constant, as temperature increases, gaseous particles occupy greater

volume.
1.2 Diffusion
Candidates should be able to:
1.2.1 Describe and explain diffusion in terms of kinetic particle theory
1.2.2 Describe and explain the effect of relative molecular mass on the rate of diffusion
of gases
3.2.2 Define relative molecular mass, Mr, as the sum of the relative atomic masses.

Diffusion examples: Spraying perfumes, smell of cooking, solution colour when unstirred

3-4 marks on diffusion in terms of kinetic particle theory (what happens to particles)
 Diffusion is random movement of particles in all diagrams

 From a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

 Until concentrations are uniform throughout

3) Bromine is a Liquid with a low boiling point and a strong smell. A technician split some
bromine in the corner of a room which is free of draughts. After thirty seconds the
bromine could be smelt on the other side of the room.

Use the kinetic particle theory to explain why the bromine could be smelt on the other side
of the room.

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For diffusion of gases, explain with kinetic particle theory (what happens to particles).

Factors Effecting Diffusion:

 Particles with higher mass (Mr) diffusion slower (moves slower) as they are
heavier.

 At higher temperature, particles have more kinetic energy, can move/diffuse

faster.

Relative molecular mass, Mr = the sum of the relative atomic masses (read carefully!)
Name Chemical formula Relative molecular mass calculation , Mr

Hydrogen H2 (1)(2) = 2

Oxygen O2

Nitrogen N2

Ammonia NH3

Methane CH4 (1)(12) + (4)(1) = 12 + 4 = 16

Hydrogen
HCl
chloride

Carbon
CO
monoxide
Carbon
CO2
dioxide
Nitrogen
NO2
dioxide
4) A student set up a tube as shown in the diagram

Concentrated hydrobromic acid produces fumes of hydrogen bromide.

Concentrated aqueous ammonia produces fumes of ammonia.

a) After some time, solid ammonium bromide appeared on the walls of the tube at point

X.

Use the kinetic particle theory to explain this result.

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b) The experiment is repeated with a cotton wool soaked in hydrochloric acid instead.

Describe and explain, using kinetic particle theory, if the position of X would change.

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5) A student half-filled a syringe with water.
She then carefully drew up some blue ink into the syringe so that it formed a separate
layer blew the water.
She then left the syringe is a clamp for twenty hours.

After twenty hours the blue colour of the ink had spread throughout the water.

a) Use the kinetic particle theory to explain these observations.

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The experiment is repeated at a higher temperature instead.

b) Describe and explain, using Kinetic partial theory any difference in observations.

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6) The diagram shows a diffusion experiment.

 Which gas, when present in the beaker over the porous pot, will cause the water level at
Y to rise?

A Carbon dioxide, CO2

C Chlorine, Cl2

D Methane, CH4

E Nitrogen dioxide, NO2

7) Food packaging produces lots of water.

This waste includes both plastic and glass.

Glass waste is melted and then made into new objects.

Use the kinetic particle theory to describe the changes in movement and arrangement of
the particles when a solid becomes a liquid.

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