CHEMISTRY FORM 4

IN SUBTOPIC
1 ACIDS AND BASES
2 THE STRENGTH OF ACIDS AND
ALKALIS
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 CREDIT
CONCEPT MAP

CONTENT
GLOSSARY

QUIZ WEB
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 ACID BASE
Dissolves in
Which Which water forming
ionizes ionizes
completely partially
as a as a Which ALKALI Which
ionizes ionizes
Strong acid Weak acid completely partially
as a as a

contains Strong Weak alkali

alkali
H+(aq) contains

-
OH (aq)
pH SCALES
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

More acidic More alkaline

Neutral
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson,

INTRODUCTION
students should be able to:

Analysing characteristics
ACIDS AND BASES
and properties of acids
and bases
THE STRENGTH OF
ACIDS AND ALKALIS Synthesising the concepts
of strong acids, weak acid,
strong alkalis and weak
alkalis
INTRODUCTION

Click on the box to see this video

ACIDS

BASES AND ALKALIS

USES OF ACIDS, BASES AND ALKALIS

ROLE OF WATER & THE PROPERTIES OF ACIDS

ROLE OF WATER & THE PROPERTIES OF ALKALIS

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ACIDS

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKALIS

ACIDS

Arrhenius definition of acid:

An acid is a chemical substance which
ionises in water to produce hydrogen ions,
H+.
Example: Hydrochloric acid, HCl
Sulfuric acid, H2SO4
Nitric acid, HNO3
TIPS
 ACIDS

O O+
H Cl + + Cl-
H H H H H

HCl (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

ACIDS
HOT TIPS

The definition of an acid contains two

important concepts:
(a)Ionises in water
(b)Produces H+ ion
The hydrogen ion is responsible for all
acidic properties.
 ACIDS

• Monoprotic acid
Acid that produce only one hydrogen
ion per molecule of acid.

Example: Hydrochloric acid, HCl

Nitric acid, HNO3
ACIDS

one hydrogen ion

Cl-
H+ Cl
H +

HCl (aq) H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

ACIDS

Diprotic acid
Acid that produce two hydrogen ions
per molecule of acid.

Example: Sulfuric acid, H2SO4

Carbonic acid, H2CO3
ACIDS

two hydrogen ions

H+ SO
H SO42- HH+ +
4

H2SO4 (aq) 2H+ (aq) + SO42- (aq)

ACIDS

Basicity of an acid is the number of

ionisable hydrogen atoms per acids
molecule.
BASES AND ALKALIS

Arrhenius definition of base:

A base is a chemical substance which
ionises in water to produces hydroxide
ions, OH-.
Example: Sodium hydroxide, NaOH
Potassium hydroxide, KOH
Ammonia, NH3
TIPS
 BASES AND ALKALIS

H
N O-
+ O + +
N
H H H
H H H
H H H

NH3(aq) + H20 (l) NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

BASES AND ALKALIS
HOT TIPS

The definition of an alkali contains two

important concepts:
(a)Ionises in water

(b)Produces OH- ion

The OH- ion is responsible for all

basic properties.
Acids and alkalis are electrolytes
because their aqueous solutions contain
mobile ions that can conduct electricity.
 BASES AND ALKALIS

A chemical
substances
which bases alkalis
ionises in
water to
produce
hydroxide
ions, OH-
Bases that can
dissolves in water
USES OF ACIDS, BASES AND ALKALIS

To use as laboratory reagents

To manufacture and preserve food
To make various medicines
To produce detergents, soaps and
shampoos
ROLE OF WATER AND THE PROPERTIES OF ACIDS

Acid ionises in water to produces

hydroxonium ions.
The properties of acid can only be
exhibited in the presence of water.
Acids cannot show their properties in dry
state or when dissolved in organic solvent.
 React with Change
Active metals blue litmus
Metal carbonate paper red

PROPERTIES OF ACID

Sour
taste pH less
Conduct than 7
electricity
 ROLE OF WATER AND THE PROPERTIES OF ACIDS

When a pieces of dry blue litmus paper is dropped

into each of the three beakers:
Blue litmus
No changes No changes paper turns
in colour in colour red

Cl H H O H
O+

+
Cl-
H H
Cl H H
H O H -
Cl
Cl H H O H
H O+ H
H

HCl (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

ROLE OF WATER AND THE PROPERTIES OF ALKALIS

An alkali will only exhibit alkaline

properties when water is present.
Water is needed to produce free mobile
hydroxide ions, OH- in alkalis to exhibit
alkaline properties.
For example, sodium hydroxide will only
exhibit alkaline properties when water is
present.
 React with Change
Metal ion red litmus
Ammonium salt paper blue

PROPERTIES OF ALKALI

Bitter
taste pH more
Conduct than 7
electricity
 ROLE OF WATER AND THE PROPERTIES OF ALKALIS

When a pieces of dry red litmus paper is dropped

into each of the three beakers:
Red litmus
No changes No changes paper turns
in colour in colour blue

Na OH
+
-
Na
H O H

+
Na OH OH
-
H O H OH
Na OH H O H Na+

NaOH (aq) + H2O (l) Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ACIDS

Acids posses the following chemical properties:

React with base
React with metal
React with metal carbonate
REACTION WITH BASE
Acid + Base Salt + Water

H2SO4 (aq) + ZnO (s) ZnSO4 (aq) + H2O (l)

Sulphuric Zinc oxide Zinc
Water
acid sulphate
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ACIDS

REACTION WITH METAL

Acid + Metal Salt + Hydrogen gas

2HCl (aq) + Mg (s) MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)

Hydrochloric Magnesium Hydrogen
Magnesium
acid chloride gas
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ACIDS

REACTION WITH METAL CARBONATE

Acid + Carbonate Salt + Water + Carbon dioxide

2HNO3 (aq) + CuCO3 (s) Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
Nitric Copper(II) Copper(II) Water Carbon
acid Carbonate nitrate dioxide
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKALIS

Alkalis posses the following chemical properties:

React with acids
React with metal ions
React with ammonium salts

REACTION WITH ACID

Alkali + Acid Salt + Water

NaOH (aq) + HCl (s) NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)

Sodium Hydrochloric Sodium
Water
Hydroxide acid chloride
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKALIS

REACTION WITH METAL ION

Alkali + Metal ion Insoluble metal hydroxide

2OH- (aq) + Cu2+ (s) Cu(OH)2 (s)

Hydroxide Copper(II) Copper(II) hydroxide
ion ion (blue precipitate)
 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKALIS

REACTION WITH AMMONIUM SALT

Alkali + Ammonium salt Salt + Water + Ammonia gas

NaOH (aq) + NH4Cl (aq) NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) + NH3 (g)
Sodium Ammonium Sodium Ammonia
Water
Hydroxide chloride chloride gas
THE PH SCALE

STRONG AND WEAK ACIDS

STRONG AND WEAK ALKALIS

THE PH SCALE

The pH value measures the concentration

of hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions.

pH < 7 acidic solution

pH = 7 neutral solution
pH > 7 alkaline solution
 THE PH SCALE

Increasingly acidic Increasingly alkaline

Neutral

pH 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Concentration of H+ ions increases
Concentration of OH- ions increases
THE PH SCALE

The pH value of an aqueous solution can

be measured by using:
Universal Indicator
pH meter
Acid-base indicator
THE PH SCALE
THE PH SCALE
THE PH SCALE
STRONG AND WEAK ACIDS

Acids can be classified into strong acid

and weak acids.
The strength of an acid depends on the
degree of dissociation or ionisation of the
acid in water.
ACID
STRONG WEAK
TIPS
ACID ACID
STRONG AND WEAK ACIDS

STRONG ACID
Acid that dissociates completely in water to
form hydrogen ions, H+.
Its degree of dissociation is 1 or 100%.
Have high concentration of H+.
Example: Hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid,
nitric acid, and phosphoric acid.
STRONG AND WEAK ACIDS

WEAK ACID
Acid that only partially dissociated in water.
Its degree of dissociation is less than 1.
Have low concentration of H+.
Example: Carbonic acid, ethanoic acid and
citric acid.
STRONG AND WEAK ACIDS

HOT TIPS

The definition of a strong acid contains

two important concepts:
(a)Ionises completely in water
(b)Produces a high concentration of H+
ion
STRONG AND WEAK ACIDS

STRONG WEAK
ACID ACID
 STRONG AND WEAK ACIDS

H
O O
Ethanoate ion, O
O-
C
CH3COO- C H
C H
H
O
H
H
C H O O
O
C

H
H
H
C

O
Hydrogen
C
H
C H

C
H H

O
+

H
H
H

C
+ H
ion, H

H
H
CH3COOH Ethanoic acid,
CH3COOH
STRONG AND WEAK ACIDS

-
Cl H+
-
H +
Cl H+
H+
-
Cl H+ -
Cl - Cl

Hydrogen ion, H+
HCl
Chloride ion,Cl-
STRONG AND WEAK ALKALIS

Alkalis can be classified into strong

alkalis and weak alkalis.
The strength of an alkali depends on the
degree of dissociation of the alkali in
water.
ALKALI
STRONG WEAK
TIPS
ALKALI ALKALI
STRONG AND WEAK ALKALIS
STRONG ALKALI

Alkali that dissociates completely in water

to form hydroxide ions, OH-.
Its degree of dissociation is 1 or 100%.
Have high concentration of OH-.
Have high pH value (pH 13 – pH 14).
Example: Sodium hydroxide, potassium
hydroxide, and calcium
hydroxide.
STRONG AND WEAK ALKALIS

WEAK ALKALI

Alkali that is only partially dissociated in

water.
Its degree of dissociation is less than 1.
Have low concentration of OH-.
Example: Ammonia
STRONG AND WEAK ALKALIS
HOT TIPS

The definition of a strong alkali

contains two important concepts:
(a)Ionises completely in water

(b)Produces a high concentration of OH-

ion
STRONG AND WEAK ALKALIS

STRONG WEAK
ALKALI ALKALI
STRONG AND WEAK ALKALIS

H
N H
H

Ammonia,
H H
N H H
N
NH3 N H
H H
H H
H
molecule H
N+ H
H

H
N H
H
N H
H H
H
-
O

Ammonium
Hydroxide ion, NH4+
NH3
ion,OH-
STRONG AND WEAK ALKALIS

Sodium OH-
ion, Na+ Na+ Na+
OH- Na+ -
OH OH-

Na+ Na+
OH-

NaOH Hydroxide ion, OH-

 OBJECTIVES

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1. An acid is any substance which
produces
A. Strong burns
B. Metal ions in solution
C. Hydrogen ions in water
D. A red colour in water

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2. An example of a strong acid is

A. Ethanoic acid
B. Citric acid
C. Nucleic acid
D. Hydrochloric acid

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
 3. A strong acid is one which

A. Has a high concentration
B. Has a low concentration
C. Is completely ionised in water
D. Is only partly ionised in water

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
 4. An acid will

A. Have a pH less than 7
B. Have a pH more than 7
C. Turn moist litmus paper blue
D. Turn universal indicator purple

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
 5. A diprotic acid is an acid that

A. can form only one product when it reacts

with a base
B. produces two hydrogen ions per molecule
C. reacts with one type of base only
D. contains two hydrogen atoms per molecule

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
6. Which of the following solution will not contain
hydroxide ions?
A. Ammonia in water
B. Ammonium hydroxide in tetrachloromethane
C. Sodium oxide in water
D. Sodium metal in water

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
7. Which of the following gases will change
moist litmus paper from red to blue?

A. Carbon dioxide
B. Oxygen
C. Ammonia
D. Hydrogen dioxide

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
8. A liquid has a pH of 7 must be

A. Neutral
B. Tasteless
C. Colourless
D. Soluble

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
9. Which of the following regarding pH is true?
A. pH is measure of how acidic or alkaline a
solution in water
B. The pH of pure water is 9
C. The lower the pH value the less acidic is
the solution
D. The higher the pH value the less alkaline
is the solution

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
10. Which of the following compounds produces
hydrogen ions when dissolves in water?

A. Ammonia
B. Sodium chloride
C. Potassium hydroxide
D. Concentrated sulphuric acid

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
 Basicity The number of ionisable hydrogen
atoms per acids molecule.
Diprotic acid Acid that produce two hydrogen ions
per molecule of acids.
Dissociation A general process in which ionic
compounds (complexes, molecules,
or salts) separate or split into
smaller molecules, ions, or radicals,
usually in a reversible manner.
Monoprotic Acid that produce only one
acid hydrogen ion per molecule of acid.
Hydroxonium The resulting additional hydrogen
ion ion in the water (as H30+)
Inference The act or process of deriving
logical conclusions from premises
known or assumed to be true.
Ionisation The physical process of converting
an atom or molecule into an ion by
adding or removing charged
particles such as electrons or other
ions.
 Prepared by:
Mazian Binti Mat Yasin
D20061026425
AT16 (Chemistry)

Supervisor:
Pn. Noorshida bt Mohd Ali
WEB LINK

http
://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?
mid=58
http://www.chem4kids.com/files/react_acidbase.html
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/General_Chemistry/Acid
s_and_bases_neutralize_each_other#Arrhenius_The
ory
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com:8100/legacy/colle
ge/pratt/0471393878/student/review/acid_base/index
.html
http://www.funsci.com/fun3_en/acids/acids.htm