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CHAPTER 4 MATTER AND SUBSTANCE

4.1: Changes in The States of Matter Solid

Liquid
define exists in three states Gas
Living and non living MATTER
things that have
mass and fill space.

Kinetic theory of matter

Support kinetic theory of
matter
 Matter consists of fine and discrete particles * Diffusion
 Particles always move, vibrate and rotate * Brownian
randomly. movement
 The temperature of matter increases as the
particles kinetic energy increases

Properties of Matter

Properties of matter Solid Liquid Gas

Arrangement of Arranged closely, Liquid particles Gas particles are
particles compactly and neatly nor closely not neatly
orderly in fixed arranged. There are arranged and are
positions. There is empty spaces further apart from
very little empty among the particles. one another.
space between one Most of the particles
particle and another. keep contact with
one another.

Movement of Particles do not move Particles move Particles move

particles freely and only slowly in a random fast in a random
vibrate at their fixed manner. manner and in all
positions. directions.
Forces of attraction Very strong Not very strong Very weak
between particles
Energy content Very low Moderate Very high
Shape Fixed Following the shape Fills up the whole
of the container container
Volume Fixed Fixed Not fixed
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Compression Very difficult to Easily
Not compressible
compress compressed

Changes in the State of Matter

Solid
sublimation melting
(heat released) (heat absorbed)
sublimation freezing
(heat absorbed) (heat released)
condensation
(heat released)
Gas Liquid
boiling
(heat absorbed)

4.2 Structure of Atoms.

Atoms
 All matter consists of tiny units called atoms.
 Atom is a basic unit of all matter.
 Atoms cannot be seen with an ordinary microscope because they are so
tiny.
 An atom consists of a nucleus in the centre surrounded by electrons.
 Electrons move around the nucleus following a certain orbit.

Orbit

Nucleus

Electron
Structure of an atom
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Subatomic particles
 An atom is made up of particles that are even smaller called subatomic
particles.
 There are three types of subatomic particles :
 protons
 neutrons
 electrons
 Protons and neutrons from the nucleus in the centre of an atom.
 Electrons move around the nucleus at high speed.
 The mass of an atom is concentrated in its nucleus.

electron (-)

nucleus

proton (+)
neutron
Subatomic particles in an atom

Comparison between subatomic particles

Subatomic Symbol Position in atom Relative Relative Mass in gram

particle charge mass
Proton p Nucleus +1 1 1.672 x 10-24
Neutron n Nucleus 0 1 1.675 x 10-24
Electron e Moves around nucleus -1 1/1840 9.107 x 10-28
Comparison between subatomic particles

 Atoms of any element are neutral because the number of electrons in an

atom is the same.
 In a neutral atom, the total positive charges in the nucleus are the same
as the total negative charges from the electrons which orbit around the
nucleus.

Atom Number of protons Number of Number of neutrons

electrons
Hydrogen 1 1 0
Helium 2 2 2
Carbon 6 6 6
Sodium 11 11 12
Number of subatomic particles in different atoms
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 Ions are atoms or particles which have charge.

 Ions are produced when the number of protons (positive charge) and the
number of electrons (negative charge) are not balanced.
 Positive ions are particles that are positively charged.
 Positive ions are produced when the number of protons is more than the
number of electrons.
 Negative ions are particles that are negatively charged
 Negative ions are produced when the number of electrons is more than
the number of protons.

4.3 Proton Number and Nucleon Number in Atoms of Elements.

Proton number and nucleon number

 Proton number is the number of protons in an atom of an element.

 Elements can be differentiated by referring to their proton number.
 In a neutral atom, the proton number also refers to the number of
electrons in that atom.

Proton number = number of protons

= number of electrons in a neutral atom

 Nucleon number is the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom of

an element.

Nucleon number = number of protons + number of neutrons

= proton number + number of neutrons

 The number of neutrons in an atom can be calculated if its proton number

and nucleon number are known.

Number of neutrons = nucleon number – proton number

= nucleon number – number of protons

 In a neutral atom :

a) Nucleon number = number of electrons + number of neutrons

b) Number of neutron = nucleon number + number of electrons
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 Table below shows that atoms of different element have different numbers
of protons and electrons.
Element Number of Number of Number of Proton Nucleon
protons electrons neutrons number Number
Hydrogen 1 1 0 1 1
Helium 2 2 2 2 4
Lithium 3 3 4 3 7
Beryllium 4 4 5 4 9
Boron 5 5 6 5 11
Carbon 6 6 6 6 12
Nitrogen 7 7 7 7 14
Oxygen 8 8 8 8 16
Fluorine 9 9 10 9 19
Neon 10 10 10 10 20

 Atoms of certain elements can represented by the following symbol :

nucleon 14
number
proton number 7
N symbol of
element

Number of neutron = 14 – 7 = 7

Isotopes

 Isotopes are atoms of the same element that possesses the same number
of protons but different number of neutrons.

 Isotopes can also be defined as atoms of the same element with the same
proton number but different nucleon number.

 Isotopes of the same element possess the same chemical properties.

 The physical properties of isotopes are different.

Element Isotope Nucleon Proton Number Number Number

number number of of of
protons neutrons electrons
Hydrogen Hydrogen-1 1 1 1 0 1
Hydrogen-2 2 1 1 1 1
Hydrogen-3 3 1 1 2 1
Oxygen Oxygen-16 16 8 8 8 8
Oxygen-17 17 8 8 9 8
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Oxygen-18 18 8 8 10 8
Carbon Carbon-12 12 6 6 6 6
Carbon-13 13 6 6 7 6
Carbon-14 14 6 6 8 6
Examples of isotopes
4.4 Classification of Elements in Periodic Table.

 The elements are arranged in order of increasing proton number.

 Each vertical column is called a group.
 Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties.
 Each horizontal row is called a period.
 The chemical and physical properties of the elements are gradually
changed when crossing periods.
 In the periodic table, there are 8 groups numbered from 1 to 8 and 7
periods numbered from 1 to 7.
 The elements located between groups 2 and 3 are transition elements.
 Name of the group:

 Group l : Alkali metals (very reactive metal)

 Group II : Earth alkali metals (very reactive metal)

 Group VII : Non-metals halogens

 Group VIII : Inert Gases (chemically stable and non reactive)

I VIII

8 Group 1 1 2
II III IV V VI VII
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3
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7 Period 4
Transition elements
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7
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Alkali Earth alkali metals Halogens Inert Gases

metals

4.5 Properties of substances based on their particle content.

Physical properties of atomic, molecular and ionic substances.

Physical Atomic Molecular Substance Ionic

property Substance Substances
Physical state at Solid except Solid : Iodine Solid
room temperature mercury Liquid : Water
Gas : Oxygen
Arrangement of Packed very Solid : Packed Packed very
particles closely Liquid : Not packed closely
Gas : Far apart
Forces of Strong metallic Weak Van der Waals Strong
attraction bond forces electrostatic
between particles force
Melting point and High Low High
boiling point
Electrical All metals and Does not conduct Conducts
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conductivity carbon (graphite) electricity electricity in
molten state
Solubility Does not dissolve Most of them dissolve in Most of them
in anything organic solvent dissolve in water

4.6 Properties and Uses of Metals and Non-Metals.

Metals and Non-Metals.

 elements can be classified into metals and non-metals.
 ex : iron, aluminium, zinc, copper, lead, tin ,and gold.
 carbon, iodine, bromine, sulphur, phosphorus, and chlorine are examples
of non-metals.
 all metals exist in a solid state at room temperature except mercury.(liquid)
 non-metals exist in a solid, liquid, or, gaseous state at room temperature.

Physical properties of Metals and Non-Metals.

Metals Differences Non-metals

Have shiny surfaces Luminosity Have dull surfaces
Ductile Ductility Not ductile
Easily rolled or Malleability Cannot be forged
hammered into foils or
thin sheets
High Tensile strength Low
Good conductor of Electrical conductivity Do not conduct electricity
electricity except carbon
Good conductor of heat Heat conductivity Poor conductor of heat
High Melting point and boiling Low
point
High Density Low
Solid (except mercury in State of matter at room Solid, liquid, or gas
liquid state) temperature

Uses of Metals and Non-Metals in daily life.

Metal Physical Property Use

Iron High tensile strength Railway tracks and
framework for bridges
Aluminium Light, good conductor of electricity Kitchen utensils and electric
and heat cables
Copper Ductile and malleable, good Electrical wires
conductor of electricity and heat
Tin Do not rust Electroplating of food cans
Gold Does not rust and is shiny Jewellery
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Lead Cable casing
Ductile, malleable

Non-metal Physical Property Use

Carbon (graphite) Soft and smooth, good Lead of pencils, used as
conductor of electricity the electrodes in
electrolysis and in dry cell
Carbon (diamond) Hard Drill bits for cutting stone
Neon gas and Poor conductor of heat Lights used for billboards
krypton
Chlorine Acidic Used to kill germs in
drinking water
Sulphur Yellow in colour Use in manufacturing car
batteries

4.7 Methods of Substance Purification.

Characteristics of Pure Substances

 Pure substances do not contain any impurities.

 Pure substances always have specific melting (freezing) point and
boiling point.
 For example : pure water boils at 100 oC and ice melts or freezes at 0oC at
normal atmospheric pressure. pure iron melts at 1540 oC and boils at
2800oC at normal atmospheric pressure.
 Any impurities added to a pure substance will increase the boiling point
or lower the freezing (or melting) point of that substance.
 For example : water that is added with salt will boil at a temperature higher
than 100oC and will freeze at a temperature lower than 0 oC.

Method of Substance Purification

METHOD
Distillation

1. To obtain a pure substance from a Crystallisation

mixture of solution
2. The liquid mixture is heated until the To obtain pure crystals from a
required substance boils and turns saturated solution of the
into vapour. substances.
3. The vapour cools down and
condenses into a pure liquid.
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Distillation

Application of distillation :
(a) breaking crude petroleum into its fractions such as petrol,
kerosene and diesel to produce fuels and to make various
kinds of plastic material.
(b) production of pure water or distilled water for the preparation
of chemical solution, medicine, as well as food and
beverages.
(c) obtaining pure ethanol from fermentation of sugar solution
and yeast.

Crystallisation

Application of crystallisation :
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(d) production of salt from seawater.

(e) preparation of white sugar crystals from sugarcane juice.