mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

CHAPTER 2
THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM

Element
Matter Substance that Compound
consists of only one Substance that contains
Anything that
type of atom. two or more elements
occupies space & has
that are chemically
mass.
bonded together.
Kinetic Theory of Matter
 Matter is made up of
Physical State
Type of Particles tiny & discrete particle.
 Particle vibrate, moving
 Solid
Atom & collide with each other.
 Particles move randomly.  Liquid
Molecule
 There are forces between  Gas
Ion the particle. Stronger the
forces, particle close to
each other. Subatomic Particles
Atom  Higher the temperature,
higher the kinetic energy Electron
Smallest particle of of particle.
an element that can Proton
take place in chemical Neutron
reaction.
Molecule
Diffusion
A group of two or Is a random movement
Ion more atoms which are between different
Is a positive charged chemically bonded particles from high
together. concentration to lower
or negative charged
concentration.
particle.

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Atom, Molecule & Ion

+ Molecule (ELEMENT)
Atom Atom

+ Molecule (COMPOUND)
Atom Atom

+ + - + - Ionic Compound
Cation Anion

Example: Formation of WATER Water Molecule

+
Oxygen Atom Hydrogen Atom

A Glass of Water

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 mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

Diffusion in Solid: Test tube is filled with a hot jelly and copper(II) sulphate crystal.

Difussion Rate:

Reason:

Diffusion in Liquid: A beaker is filled with water & potassium manganate (VII).

Difussion Rate:

Reason:

Diffusion in Gas: A gas jar is filled with few drop of bromine liquid.

Difussion Rate:

Reason:

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 mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

States Particles Forces between Particles Motion

Arrangement particles

Held together Vibrate and rotate at

SOLID
very strong fixed position
Packed closely in
orderly manner

Vibrate, rotate and

Strong but weaker move through liquid &
LIQUID
than solid collide against each
other
Packed closely not in
orderly arrangement

Vibrate, rotate and

GAS weak
move freely
Far apart from each
other

Solid Liquid Gas

Shape : Shape : Shape :

Ability to be Ability to be Ability to be

compressed: compressed: compressed:

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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

Change in the State of Matter

Changes in the Heat Energy

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Heating of Naphthalene Cooling of Naphthalene

1. Why is solid naphthalene, C10H8 not heated directly with Bunsen burner?

2. Why is water bath used to heat the naphthalene?

3. During the cooling of naphthalene, explain why

a) the boiling tube must place in a conical flask?

b) the naphthalene must stirred continuously?

4. What happens to the temperature of naphthalene during

a) melting? Give a reason.

b) freezing? Give a reason.

5. The melting point of sugar is 184oC. The melting point of sugar cannot be
determined using same apparatus. Why? What apparatus can be used
instead?

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 mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

The Heating Curve of Naphthalene

Temperature (oC)

B C

Time (min)

Why the temperature

Melting Point
Is the temperature at
which a solid changes into
a liquid at a particular
pressure.
Physical State
increase from A to B?
When solid is heated,
AB =
heat energy is
________________.
BC = This cause particles to
_________ kinetic energy
CD = and vibrate __________.

Why the temperature Why the temperature

remains constant at BC?
Heat energy ___________
by the particles is used to
overcome the force
between the particles so
that the solid turn into
liquid.
increase from C to D?
Also known as When liquid is heated,
heat energy is
latent heat of
________________.
fusion. This cause particles to
_________ kinetic energy
and move __________.

* label the melting point of the naphthalene in the diagram above as MP.

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 mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

The Cooling Curve of Naphthalene

Temperature (oC)

F G

Time (min)

Why the temperature

Freezing Point
Is the temperature at
which a liquid changes
into a solid at a particular
pressure.
Physical State
decrease from E to F?
When liquid is cooled,
EF =
heat energy is
________________.
FG = This cause particles to
_________ kinetic energy
GH = and move __________.

Why the temperature Why the temperature

How to avoid supercooling?
remains constant at FG? decrease from G to H?
Heat energy ___________ When solid is cooled,
to the surroundings is heat energy is
exactly same as the heat ________________.
energy released by This cause particles to
particle to form the _________ kinetic energy
forces to become a solid. and vibrate __________.

* label the freezing point of the naphthalene in the diagram above as FP.

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 mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

The Atomic Structure

[Draw the atomic model & briefly explain]

(1) John Dalton

(1766 – 1844)

(2) J.J. Thomson

(1856 – 1940)
(3) Ernest Rutherford
(1871 - 1937)

(5) James Chadwick

(1891 - 1974)

(4) Neils Bohr

(1885 - 1962)

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Subatomic Particles of an Atom

NEUTRON
Symbol : n
PROTON
Relative electric
Symbol : p charge : 0

Relative electric Relative mass: 1

charge : +1

Relative mass: 1 ELECTRON

Symbol : e

Relative electric
NUCLEUS
charge : -1
Proton + Neutron
Relative mass: 0.0005
NUCLEON NUMBER =

Proton + Number of
Number Neutron Definition

Nucleon number is
NEUTRAL ATOM the total number of
Number of proton proton and neutrons
is equal to the in its atom.
number of electron.
Atom Q has a proton number
of 11 and a nucleon number of
23. How many protons, Definition
electrons and neutrons are
Proton number is the
present in the atom?
number of protons in
its atom.

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Symbol of Elements

Element Symbol Element Symbol Element Symbol Element Symbol

Hydrogen Carbon Sodium Sulphur

Helium Nitrogen Magnesium Chlorine

Lithium Oxygen Aluminium Argon

Beryllium Fluorine Silicon Potassium

Boron Neon Phosphorus Calcium

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11
Na A fluorine atom has 9 protons and
10 neutrons. What is the proton
number and nucleon number of
Also represented the atom? Represent the atom in
the form of .
by sodium-23

Bromine-80 has 45 neutrons.

What are the proton number
and nucleon number of the
atom? Represent the atom
in the form of .

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 mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

Nucleon Proton No. of No. of

Element
ISOTOPES Number Number Neutron Electron
Hydrogen-1 1
Atoms of the same Hydrogen-2
element has same Hydrogen-3
proton number but Carbon-12 6
different number of Carbon-13
neutron Carbon-14
Oxygen-16 8
Why isotopes element Oxygen-17
has similar chemical Oxygen-18
properties? Chlorine-35 17
Chlorine-37
Bromine-80 35
Bromine-81

To determine
To determine the the age of
rate of absorption artifact.
of fertilisers by
plants.
To detect leaks in
USES OF underground
ISOTOPES petroleum pipe.

To detect the
location of a
tumor in the brain.
To treat
cancer.
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The Electronic Structure of an Atom

Maximum number
For atoms with The last shell filled
of electron filled in
more than 20 with electrons
the shell:
electrons, the third known as the
1st = 2 electrons
shell can filled up outermost
2nd = 8 electrons
to 18 electrons. occupied shell.
3rd = 8 electrons
4th = 8 electrons

Electron Write the electron

Valence Electrons Configuration arrangement for
potassium & state the
Chlorine has valence electrons.
Electrons in the
proton number 17.
outermost
occupied shell.

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Electron
Proton Number of Configuration
Element Electronic Structure
Number Electron & Valence
Electron

E.C =
Hydrogen 1
V.E =

Helium 2

Lithium
3

Beryllium
4

Boron
5

Carbon
6

Nitrogen 7

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Electron
Proton Number of Configuration
Element Electronic Structure
Number Electron & Valence
Electron

Oxygen 8

Fluorine
9

Neon 10

Sodium 11

Magnesium 12

Aluminium 13

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 mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 2

Electron
Proton Number of Configuration &
Element Electronic Structure
Number Electron Valence
Electron

Silicon 14

15
Phosphorus

Sulphur
16

Chlorine
17

Argon
18

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Electron
Proton Number of Configuration &
Element Electronic Structure
Number Electron Valence
Electron

Potassium 19

Calcium 20

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