Lesson 1: Kinetic Molecular Model and Intermolecular Forces of Attraction

Forces
- Any type of force causing objects to come close
to each other.

Kinetic Molecular Theory Types of Forces of Attraction

- Properties of matter in terms of intermolecular 1. Intramolecular Forces (inside)

forces of attraction and kinetic energy of - Attractive forces between atoms of molecules.
individual particles. 2. Intermolecular Forces (outside)
- All matter is made up of tiny particles that are - Attraction between molecules.
constantly in motion. - Weaker than intramolecular forces.
- Speed of particles = temperature.
- Solids, liquids, and gases differ in distance,
freedom of motion, and interaction of particles. Types of Intramolecular Forces
Solid Liquid Gas 1. Metallic Bond
Volume and Fixed shape Fixed Unfixed - Consists of positive ions and a sea of electrons.
Shape and volume. volume, shape and - Metallic elements.
unfixed volume. 2. Ionic Bond
shape. - Attraction between two oppositely charged
Compressib Almost Slightly Compressi ions.
ility incompressi compressi ble.
- Metal and non-metallic elements.
ble. ble.
3. Covalent Bond
Density High High Low
- Sharing of electrons to form electron pairs
Motion Vibration in Random, Random,
place. medium fast, between atoms.
speed, covers - Non-metallic elements.
limited large Types of Covalent Bond
distances. distances.
1. Polar Bond
- Uneven sharing of electrons.
Kinetic Molecular Model of Solids and Liquids
2. Non-Polar Bond
- Solids and liquids are in condensed state. - Equal sharing of electrons.
 Compacted.
Ways to Determine Bond Polarity

1. Difference in electronegativity of atoms.

Molecules of Solid Molecules of Liquid
Closely packed and Closed together with
arrange in an organized little spaces between
manner. each other.
Vibrating around fixed Higher collision rate than
locations. gases
Always in constant In constant motion,
motion. moving past one another.
Held together by strong Held together by
intermolecular forces. attractive intermolecular
forces.
- Ability of an atom to attract itself to the
electrons in a chemical bond.
- Elements with high electronegativity have a
greater tendency to attract electrons than the
elements with low electronegativity.
2. Dipole Moment.
- Occurs when there is a separation of charge.
- A quantitative measure of the polarity of a
bond.
 charge and the other part a partial negative
charge.
4. Hydrogen Bond
- Attraction between a highly electronegative
atom (N, O, and F) and a hydrogen atom.

Intermolecular Forces

1. Ion-Dipole Bond
- Attractive forces between an ion and a polar
molecule.
- Dipole
 Bond or molecule whose ends have
opposite charges.
2. London Dispersion (Van der Waals Forces)
- Occurs when the electrons around a molecule
are unevenly distributed causing a temporary
dipole.
3. Dipole-Dipole Bond
- occurs between polar covalent molecules where
one part of the molecule has a partial positive