PHYSICAL SCIENCE

Thomson’s Atomic Model  all atoms are trying to reach a stable octet
 embedded positively charged particles  protons (+) in one nucleus are attracted to
electrons (-) of other atoms
Rutherford’s Atomic Model
 alpha (a) particles are Helium 3 Major Types of Bonding
 most of the particles pass right through
 a few particles were deflected 1. Ionic Bonding
 very few more were greatly affected  forms in ionic compounds
 nucleus is:
 transferring of valence electrons (e-)
small
dense  forms between metals and non-metals

Particle Charge Mass

Electron -1 0
Proton +1 1
Neutron 0 1

Valence electrons
 number of electrons in the outermost shell

Atomic number
 number of protons in the nucleus
2. Metallic Bonding
Mass number  forms between two metals
 number of protons and neutrons will dictate the
mass of atoms 3. Covalent Bonding
 mass number = protons + neutrons  forms molecules
 sharing of electrons or valence electrons
mass # = p+ + n (e-) to acquire the electron configuration of
a noble gas
Nuclide p+ n e- mass #  always formed between metal cations and
Oxygen 8 10 8 18 non-metals anions
Arsenic 33 42 33 75
Phosphoru 15 16 15 31
s

Isotopes
 same element but different mass

Isotope Proton Electrons Neutrons Nucleus

s
Hydrogen 1 1 0
(protium)
-1
Hydrogen 1 1 1
(deuterium) Remember!
-2
Hydrogen 1 1 2 *oppositely charged ions stick like magnets
(tritium) *(metals)+ (non-metals)-
-3
*positive (loss or losing electrons)
*negative (gaining electrons)
Chemical Bond
*atoms always try to complete their valence shell (8
 bond that results from attraction of two or more valence electrons)
elements *electrons = p+ = atomic #

*atom = p+ + n
State of Matter
 balance between kinetic energy of particles
 interparticle energies of attraction
Intermolecular Forces
 attraction between molecules is not nearly as
strong as the intramolecular forces / attraction
Types of Forces (weakest to strongest)
1. Dispersion
 the tendency of an electron cloud to distort
is called polarizability
 can only be temporarily polarized
Factors that affect amount of Dispersion
forces:
a. number of electrons in an atom (more
electrons, more dispersion forces)
b. size of an atom or molecule / molecular
weight
c. shape of molecules with similar masses
2. Dipole-Dipole Interactions
 polar molecules have a positive and a more
negative end-pole
 opposite charged ends attract each other
 the more polar the molecule, the higher its
boiling point
*two molecules of comparable size and shape
(dipole-dipole is dominating)
3. Hydrogen Bonding
 interaction between a hydrogen atom
attracted to a highly electronegative atom
and a nearby small electronegative atom in
another molecule or chemical group
What forms Hydrogen Bonding?
a. arises in part from the high electronegativity
of nitrogen and oxygen
4. Ion-dipole Interaction
 found in solutions of ions
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
 strength of forces is what makes it possible
for ionic substances to dissolve in polar
solvents
Liquid Properties Affected by Intermolecular Forces
Viscosity
 resistance of a liquid to flow
 molecules can move past each other
 increases with stronger molecular forces
 decreases with higher temperature
Surface Tension
 water acts as if it has ‘skin’ on it due to extra
inward forces in its surface
 “downward pull”
Cohesion and Adhesion
Cohesive
 bind similar molecule/s
Adhesive
 bind different molecular forces
Capillary Action
 rise of liquid up to the narrow tube
 adhesive forces attract the liquid to the
wall of the tube
 cohesive forces attract the liquid to itself
 water has adhesive forces with glass
(e.g., mercury has stronger cohesive
forces with glass)
Phase Change
 conversion from one state of matter to another
 energy is either added or released
 endothermic = energy is added
 exothermic = energy is released
PHYSICAL SCIENCE