Kinetic Molecular Theory of Liquids and Solids

~ Solid and liquids molecules are closely packed to one another

~ Held together by different intermolecular forces of attraction and electrostatic
attraction

~ have a fix shape and volume

The state of matter depends on:

~ temperature
~ pressure
~ kinetic energy of the particles
~ strength of the attractions between the particles

2 Types of Forces of Attraction

1. Intramolecular Forces
- happens in a single molecule
- operate between atoms binding them to hold the molecules together

2. Intermolecular Forces
- happens between molecules
- mediate how molecules interact with each other

What are intermolecular Forces?

- attractive forces between neighboring particles (molecule, atoms, and ions)
- governs all the physical properties of liquid and solid matter
(boiling point, melting point, viscosity, surface tension)
 Intermolecular Forces (IMF) of Attraction
1. Dipole - dipole Interaction (strong vander waals forces/ between neutral molecules)
- attraction that exist between two polar molecules
- when two polar molecules are close together the positive molecule interacts with the
negative neighbor
* the more polar the molecule,
the higher the booling point
- H2S, NH3, SO2, H20, C2H5OH (ethanol)

2. Dipole - Induce Dipole Interaction

- attraction that exist between polar molecules and NON polar molecule
- electrons of non polar molecule will be distributed to one side allowing the other side
to be positive (distorted) forming an induced dipole

3. London Dispersion Forces (Weak Vander Waals Forces)

- exist both polar and non polar molecules formed via equal sharing of electrons
- exists between all species
- this instantaneous arises TEMPORARILY when the electrons move in a direction
away from the nucleus

- H2, F2, C2H6, CCl4, CH4

4. Ion Dipole Interaction

- exist between ion and polar molecule
5. Ion - Induced Dipole
- exist when an ion approach in the non polar molecule

6. Hydrogen Bonding Interaction

- special type of dipole - dipole interaction between a highly electronegative atom
like oxygen, nitrogen or fluorine, and a hydrogen atom.

Which have a greater effect?

Dipole - dipole interactions or Dispersion Forces

- If two molecules are of comparable size and shape, dipole- dipole

interactions will likely be the dominating force

- If one molecule is much larger than another, dispersion forces will likely
determine its physical properties
Polar Molecules
- molecules that are formed when electrons are shared unequally resulting in one atom
partially negative and the other partially positive

* difference in electronegativity >0.5

Non Polar Bond

- electrons are shared evenly, no partial charges occur
- those that are symmetrically formed

<.05
Properties of Liquid
- Viscosity
- Surface Tension
- Vapor Pressure
- Molar Heat of Vaporization and
Boiling Point

Viscosity