ChemIstry

General Chemistry II
Exist between molecules Hydrogen
Different types of attractive forces Bond
Determines the physical London
Brief History of Chemistry properties of a Dispersion
compound Force
• Chemistry – study of matter; study of everything
that occupies space and has mass
o Organic Chemistry Intermolecular
o Physical Chemistry
o Biological Chemistry
o Analytical Chemistry
o Inorganic Chemistry
• Antoine Van Lavoisier – Father of Modern
Chemistry Intramolecular Intramolecular
• Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev – Father of Periodic
Table
Intermolecular Forces
• Positive Ions (Cation) – an atom that loses an
electron in its valence shell - Forces between individual particles such as
• Negative Ions (Anion) – atoms that gains an atoms, ions and molecules.
electron in its valence shell - Cations (positively ion) are attracted to Anions
• Valence Shell - outermost shell of any atom (negatively ion) therefore connecting the two
• Octet Rule - tendency of atoms to prefer to have intramolecular bond through an intermolecular
eight electrons in the valence shell. force
• 1000 B.C. – Ancient Egypt considered chemistry as - Directly related to the properties of solid, liquid,
an art and gas
o perform embalming on the dead o Strong Attractive Forces in Gas – can cause
(mummification) gas behavior to deviate to the ideal gas
o uses chemistry to make cosmetics (kohl) o Strong Attractive Forces in Liquid – properties
o uses chemistry to make paper made up of such as boiling point, heat of vaporization,
papyrus plant vapor pressure, vapor pressure and viscosity
• Great Roman Empire – melted alloy to remold depend greatly on the forces
metal into different things o Strong Attractive Forces in Solid - properties
• 15th Century – alchemist appeared and attempted such as melting point and heat of fusion are
to use chemistry to make them immortal and solely dependent on the forces
convert metal into gold but they failed and left their
apparatuses and pave the way for the modern 1. Ionic Compound
scientist to discover analytical chemistry - Formula unit (smallest representative unit)
- Electrostatic attraction between a metal and a
Types of Forces
non-metal ion
1. Intramolecular Forces – bond within the - No sharing of electrons in bonds
molecule - Each negative ion is surrounded by positive ions
and vice versa
2. Intermolecular Forces – attractive forces
- The greater the charged density of ions in a crystal,
between molecules
the stronger the forces of attraction, and the
Forces Description Examples:
stronger the force of attraction, the higher the
Intramolecular Bonding Forces Ionic
boiling and melting points and other related
Compound
properties
Exist Within Molecules Covalent
o High Charged Density – an ion with a relatively
Compound
small size and relatively high charge
Determine the chemical Metallic
properties of a Compound
compound

Intermolecular Attractive Forces (non- Dipole-Dipole

binding)
 ChemIstry
General Chemistry II
• List of Ionic Compounds Based on their Groups
• Group 1 Metals – Loses
one electron (Na, K, Rb,
Cs, Li, Fr)
• Group 7 Non-Metals –
Gains one electron (F, Cl,
Br, I, At)

• Group 2 Metals – Loses 2 electrons (Be, Mg, 3. Metallic Compound - atomic unit (smallest
Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra) representative unit); ex: Iron Sheet
• Group 6 Non-Metals – Gains 2 electrons (O,
S, Se, Te, Po)

• Group 1 Metals – Loses 1

electron (Na, K, Rb, Cs, Li, Intramolecular Forces
Fr)
1. Dipole-Dipole Forces
• Group 6 Non-Metals –
• Dipole - polarized molecule having partially
Gains 2 electrons (O, S, Se,
positive and negative poles
Te, Po)
• Polarity – molecule having a region of partial
charge either positive or negative
• Group 2 Metals – Loses 2 electrons (Be, Mg,
Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra)
• Group 7 Non-Metals – Gains 1 electron (F, Cl,
Br, I, At)

- It is not a chemical bond

- Occurs between polar covalent bond where one
part of the molecules has a partial positive charge
and the other part of a partial negative charge

EX:

2. Covalent Compound
- molecular unit (smallest representative unit)
- consists of the mutual sharing of one or more
pairs of electrons between two atoms Dipole

• Polar Covalent Bond - unequal sharing of

electrons resulting in partial charges of atoms; ex: Dipole-Dipole
HCl, SO2 Force
• Non-Polar Covalent Bond - equal sharing of
electrons therefore having no charges in atoms; ex:
Cl2, O2