9 Chemical Bonds

Chapter 9

• Chemical Bond: atoms or ions strongly

Chemical Bonds attached to one another.

• There are 3 types: Ionic, Covalent, and

Metallic Bonds.

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Ionic Bonds Common Features of Ionic Bonds

• Electrostatic force that exists between • Ionic bonds form
between metals and
particles of opposite charge that results non-metals
from a transfer of electrons metals to non-
metals.
• In naming simple
ionic compounds,
the metal is always
first, the non-metal
second (ie. sodium
chloride),

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 Common Features of Ionic Bonds Covalent Bond
• Ionic compounds ionize easily in water • Sharing of electrons
and other polar solvents between two non-
metals

• In solution, ionic compounds easily • Sharing can be

conduct electricity equal (non-polar)

• Ionic compounds tend to form crystalline • Sharing can be not

solids with high melting points equal (polar)

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Features of Covalent Bond Features of Covalent Bond

• Each atom shares its unpaired electron,
both atoms are “tricked” into thinking each
has a full valence of eight electrons.

• Tend to be gases, liquids or low melting

point solids, because the intermolecular • Most covalent substances are insoluble in
water but are soluble in organic solutions.
forces of attraction are comparatively
weak.
• Poor conductors
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 Metallic Bonds • The electrons are not
bound to any particular
atom, and are free to
• Bonds between metals (go figure!) move when an electrical
field is applied. This
accounts for the
• Metals have low ionization energies, thus electrical conductivity
they do not have a tight hold on their of metals, and also their
valence electrons. thermal conductivity
since the moving
electrons carry thermal
• Thus forming an "electron sea" that vibration energy from
place to place as they
cements the positive nuclei together, and move.
shields the positive cores from each other.
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Features of Metallic Bonds More Features of Metallic Bonds

• Metals are good conductors of heat and
electricity. This is directly due to the
mobility of the electrons.
• The "cement" effect of the electrons
determines the hardness of the
metal. Some metals are harder than
others; the strength of the "cement" varies
from metal to metal.
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• Metals are lustrous (shine)
• Metals are malleable (can be flattened)
and ductile (can be drawn into wires)
because of the way the metal cations and
electrons can "flow" around each other,
without breaking the crystal structure.
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3
 Valence Electrons Lewis Structures
• The electrons in the outer most shell of an • A method used to illustrate valence
atom that are involved in bonding. electrons and bonding between atoms.

• The number of valence electrons an atom – Example: Sulfur = Group 6 = 6 valence e-

has is the group number. ● ●

– Example: Group 1A or IA = 1 valence electron

● S ●

● ●

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Lewis Structure Rules Octet Rule

• Remember Hund’s Rule when distributing Rule of eight!
your dots ( electrons). • Atoms tend to gain, share, or lose
electrons until they have 8 electrons in
• Each side can hold 2 electrons (L,R, T, B) their valence shell.

• With a max of 8 valence electrons (Octet • Note what the largest group number is.
Rule).
• Table 9.1 pg 358 is a great help • Exception: Hydrogen = Rule of 2
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 8.2 Ionic Bonding Lewis diagram of NaCl
• Look at the balanced reaction of sodium
(metal) and chloride (non-metal).

• Na(s) + 1/2Cl2(g) NaCl (s)

Na + Cl = Na+ + Cl-

• Note: ΔHf = -410.9 kJ

Cl gains Na’s electron
• Therefore: we have an enthalpy change
that is exothermic (exo = out)
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• Na(s) + 1/2Cl2(g) NaCl (s) Question

• Note: ΔHf = - 410.9 kJ exothermic • Draw the Lewis structure for:

• But we are losing an e -, ionization energy

• C
should have a + ΔHf or endothermic. (Ch 7
notes). • Ca
• Al
• When a NON-metal (Cl) gains an e- the
process is generally negative like this. (ch
7 notes).
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 8.3 Covalent Bonding Illustrating Covalent Bonds
• Each pair of shared electrons is a line.
C–C

• Unshared electrons are dots.

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Multiple Bonds Question

• Single bond: 2 atoms share 1 pair of • What type (number) of bonds hold the
electrons C-C following molecules together.
• Cl2
• Double Bond: 2 atoms share 2 pairs o f • CO2
electrons C=C • N2

• Triple Bond: 2 atoms share three pairs of

electrons. CΞC
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 Answer Bond Length and Strength
• Cl-Cl • In general as the number of bonds between two
atoms increases the bond length grows
SHORTER and STRONGER
• O=C=O

• NΞN
Bond C-C C=C CΞC
Length (A) 1.54 1.34 1.20
Energy 348 614 839
KJ/mol

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A Note on Strength & Energy Homework

• The energy it takes to break a bond is
equal to the energy to make that bond. • Chang pg 392 1,3,34,37,39

• The strength of a covalent bond between

two atoms is determined by the energy
required to break the bond.
• BL 1-3, 5-8, 11, 13, 26, 29, 30

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 8.4 Bond Polarity and
Electronegativity
Electronegativity
• Bond polarity: describes the sharing of e- • Estimates whether a given bond will be
between atoms polar, non-polar, or ionic.

• Non-polar covalent bond: e- are shared • The ability of an atom in a molecule

equally between two atoms.
(bonded) to attract electrons to itself.
•
• Polar: one atom exerts a great force of
attraction for e- than the other atom. • ↑electronegativity ↑ability to attract e-
Creating a dipole moment.
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EN Trend EN and Bond Polarity

• The greater the difference in EN between
2 atoms the more polar the bond is.

• Figure 9.5 pg 370

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 Determining Types of Bonds using
Example
Electronegativity
• As the electronegativity difference between the atoms
Compound F2 HF increases, the degree of sharing decreases.

EN difference 4–4=0 2.1 – 4 = 1.9 • If the difference in electronegativity is 2 or more, the

bond is GENERALLY considered more IONIC than
covalent.
Non-polar
Type of Bond Polar covalent
covalent
• If the electronegativity difference is between 0.1 and
2, the bond is a POLAR COVALENT.
Sharing Equal Unequal

• If the electronegativity difference is ZERO, the bond is

* The bigger the difference the more polar 33
considered to be a NONPOLAR COVALENT.
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33 34

Zero difference in
Difference is
between 0.1 and 2
Dipole Moments
electronegativity
• Polar molecules have slight + and – charges at
each end of the molecule. This is what allows
them to easily attract ions and have strong
intermolecular forces.
Symbol
illustrates
Think of
the shift in
the cross
electron
as a plus
density. The
sign.
arrow points
in the
electronegativity = 2.1 3.0 direction of
difference in increasing
electronegativity is 2 density.
or more 35 36

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 Another way to illustrate bond Examples Of Illustrating Bond
polarity Polarity

HCl

H - Cl
EN 2.0 - 3.0 = 1.0 = polar covalent

*Use this
one in class

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37 38

Question Cl – Cl
EN 3.0 3.0 = 0 = non-polar
A. Calculate the difference in EN
B. Illustrate the bond polarity for the following
molecules.
C. State if the bond is polar, non-polar, or ionic.
S - O3
EN 2.5 3.5 (each) = 1.0 = polar

Cl2 SO3 H2O

H2O
2.1 3.5 = 1.4 polar
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 Lewis Structure Rules for
Molecules
• HW polarity wks
1. Add up all the valence e- for all the atoms in
the molecule.
ex: PCl3

P=5
Cl = 7 x 3 = 21

Total of 26e-
* For a molecule with a + charge subtract and e- , for a molecule with a
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– chg add and e- to the total. Ex: 2- charge add 2 e-

41 42

2. Write the symbol for the atoms to show 3. Complete the octet of the atoms bonded
which atoms are connect to which using a to the central atom.
single line (-).
The central atom is usually written 1st in the Used e- Talley
molecular formula. PCl3
Used e- Talley 20 e-

Cl Cl 18 e-
P
26 e-
Cl P Cl 6 e- 2 e- left

Cl
20e- left
Cl
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 4. Place any e- left on the central atom even
if doing so results in more than a full octet 5. If there are not enough e- to give the central
atom a full octet try multiple bonds.

Used e- Talley

2 e-

Cl Cl 2 e-
P

0 e- left

Cl
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45 46

6. If there is a charge on the molecule you White Boards

need to place the Lewis structure in
brackets and show the charge.

As a class lets do CH2Cl2

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 Question Homework
• Draw the Lewis structure for the following.
• Change pg 392 #’s 43,44

• C2H4

• BrO3-

• ClO2-

• PO43-
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49 50

Formal Charge • We calculate the formal charge for each

• Formal charge is an accounting
procedure.
• It allows chemists to determine the
location of charge in a molecule as well as
compare how good a Lewis structure
might be.
atom in a molecule.
• We can check our work by adding the FC’s
up we get the charge of the molecule.
Formal Charge =
(# Ve-) – (# non-bonding e- + ½ # bonding e-)

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 2. Assigned unshared e-to the atom they are
Calculating formal charge (FC) bound to.
1. Draw the Lewis Structure
[:CΞN:]-
CN-
2 non-bonding e-
2 non-bonding e-

[:CΞN:]-

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53 54

3. Half of the non-bonding e- are assigned to 4. Apply the FC equation.

each atom. Formal Charge =
(# Ve-) – (# non-bonding e- + ½ # bonding e-)

2 non-bonding e-
2 non-bonding [:CΞN:]- [:CΞN:]-
2 non-bonding 6e- in triple bond/2
e-
e- 2 non-bonding e- =3
6e- in triple
6e- in triple 6e- in triple bond/2 = 3 3 + 2 = 5 e- in
bond/2 = 3
bond/2 = 3 Lewis
3 + 2 = 5 e- in Lewis
N = 5Ve-
C = 4Ve-
FC for N = 5 – 5 = 0
FC for C = 4 – 5 = -1
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 • 5. Repeat this process with each possible
Lewis Structure for that molecule (aka Ve- 5 4 6 5 4 6
resonance structure). - 5 4 7 6 4 6
__________________________________________________
0 0 -1 -1 0 0

• Question: How many resonance structures d

are there for NCS- d
d
d
d
[ N - C Ξ S ]-
Ve- 5 4 6
- 7 4 5
57 _______________________________ 58
-2 0 1

57 58

Question Homework
Calculate the formal charge for all of the
resonance structures of NCO-. Chang: pg 392 #’s 45,46,52,55

BL 32-36 all , 43-45

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 8.6 Resonance Resonance of Ozone 03
• Placement of atoms is the same but
placement of electrons is different.

• Used when 2 or more Lewis structures are

usually good descriptions of a single
model.

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Question Answer

Draw the three resonance structures for SO3

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 8.7 Three Exceptions to the Octet
2. Molecules where an atom has less than
Rule
an octet. This occurs most with Boron and
1. Molecules with an odd number of e- Beryllium. BF3 = 24 Ve-

NO = 11Ve-

or
N=O

For these two atoms (Be & B) it is more stable with out a full
65 octet than with a double bond. 66

65 66

3. Molecules which an atom has more than

an octet. PCl5 = 40 Ve- Homework
Chang pg 393 #’s 45,46,4752,55

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 8.8 Strength of Covalent Bonds Question
• Bond strength = the degree of energy What is the bond enthalpy ΔH for the
required to break that bond.
following bonds.
• We call this degree of energy bond enthalpy ,
ΔH
H-F
• ΔH is always positive. N=N
Which bond will be harder to break
• Use table 9.4 pg 386 to determine bond
energies. You will be given this on a test or H-F or N=N
quiz. (YES!)
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Answer Calculating enthalpy of a Reaction

• H – F = 567 KJ/mol • Enthalpy of a reaction (ΔHrxn) is the sum of
the enthalpies of the reactants minus the
• N = N = 418 KJ/mol sum of the enthalpies of the products.
• Unlike ΔH, ΔHrxn can be positive or
negative.
• I – Cl = 208 KJ/mol
Si – Cl = 464 KJ/mol and will be harder to ΔHrxn =
break.
Σ(bond energy of reactants) - Σ(bond energy of products)
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 Example: Homework
H2 + Cl2 2HCl • Chang pg 393 63,70,72

• BL 57-61
H-H Cl-Cl 2(H-Cl)
ΔH= 436 242 2(431)

ΔHrxn = (436+ 242) – (862)

= - 184 KJ/mol
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