Chemical Bonding

Chemistry grade 9/Sem II/

Chemical Bonding
• know that the structure and the properties of ionic compounds relate
to their giant lattice structures
• deduce formulae of ionic compounds from diagrams of their lattice
structures
Chemical Bonding
• The following diagram summarizes 3 major types of bonding.
• Metals + Non-metals
Ionic • Transfer of electrons
Bonding from metal to non-
metal

Chemical • Non-metals + Non-

Covalent metals
Bonding Bonding • Sharing of
electrons
• In metals
Metallic • Electrons freely
bonding move within metal
atoms
 Ionic Bonding
• When metal lose electrons they become
positively charged.
• Non-metals gain these electrons to get
negatively charged.
• Metals lose and non-metals gain electrons to
have a stable noble gas electronic
configuration.
• In this charged state, atoms are called ions.
• Positive ions are called cations, and negative
ions are anions.
• Eg. Ion formation in sodium and chlorine
What is an ionic bond?
• Once the atoms are charged by forming ions, opposite charged
particles are attracted to one another
• Positive ions (cations) are attracted to negative ions (anions), so that
their net charge is zero.
• This strong electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely
charged ions are called ionic bond.
Formation of lithium oxide
(For convenience, electrons in positive ions and negative ions are
shown differently using dots and cross)

# Oxygen needs 2 electrons, and

lithium donates 1 electron.

# Therefore oxygen needs 2

lithium to discharge it
How to draw dot and cross diagram for ionic compounds

• Ionic bond in lithium oxide: Li2O

+ -2
2 Li O
lithium oxide
Draw dot and cross diagrams for the following ionic
compounds
1. Aluminium chloride
2. Sodium oxide
3. Lithium nitride
4. Aluminium oxide
5. Lithium oxide
6. Magnesium oxide
Properties of typical ionic compounds
• Conduct electricity when in molten / aqueous solution only , but not
when solids , because in molten / aq. State only ions are free to move
& conduct electricity.
• Soluble in water but not in organic solvents , because water is
attracted to charged ions , organic solvent are covalent.
• Solids at r.t.p. , due to regular arrangement of ions in a lattice.
• High m.p. and b.p. , due to high electrostatic force of attraction
between oppositely charged ions large amount of energy is required
to separate them. ***Depends on high / low charge density.