9/7/2021

OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY

College of Pharmacy
CHECKLIST:
• Attend Online Lecture via Zoom Meeting
• Duration: 2.5 hours
• Read course and unit outcomes.
• Read study guide prior to online attendance.
• Read required learning resources
• Proactively participate in online discussions
• Answer and submit course unit tasks
General Chemistry
(Part 2)

LEARNING OUTCOMES: OUTLINE:

At the end of this unit, the students are • Atoms, Ions and Molecules
expected to:
• Matter and its Classifications
• Demonstrate competence in the basic
concepts and principles of inorganic • Principles of Matter
chemistry. • Chemical Bonds
• Define Matter. • Nomenclature and Formula Writing
• Identify the different classifications of matter. • Gas Laws
• Differentiate the types of chemical bonds.
• Thermodynamics
• Explain the Gas Laws and their principles.
• Define Thermodynamics.

Chemical Bonds

• are forces of attraction that exist

between a positive ion and a negative
ion or between molecules.

CHEMICAL BONDS

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Octet Rule According to Gilbert Lewis

• an atom other than hydrogen tends to • atoms combine to achieve a more stable
form bonds until it is surrounded by electron configuration.
eight electrons. • Maximum stability results when an atom
is isoelectronic with a noble gas.

Three Types of Interatomic Bonds

• Ionic bond
• Covalent bond
• Metallic bond

A. Ionic Bond A. Ionic Bond

• Or electrovalent bond Sodium Flouride (NaF),

• the electrostatic force that holds Electron configuration
ions together in an ionic compound
• formed by the transfer of electrons Na + F  Na+ + F
from an atom of low ionization Na = 1s22s22p63s1 2–8–1 1s22s22p6 1s22s22p6
energy (alkali and alkaline earth F = 1s22s22p5 2–7

metal) to a more electronegative

element (halogen and oxygen)

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A. Ionic Bond B. Covalent Bond

Sodium Flouride (NaF), • bond in which two electrons are

Lewis Dot Symbol shared between atoms
• Covalent compounds –formed when
electrons are shared equally
between two atoms with the same
or almost the same
electronegativity

B. Covalent Bond C. Polar Covalent Bond

• Only two electrons participate in the

formation of Cl2. • This is formed from sharing of electrons
• Non-bonding pairs are called lone pairs. between two atoms with different
• Lone pairs – pairs of valence electrons that electronegativity.
are not involve in covalent bond formation

ELECTRONEGATIVITY D. Multiple Bonds

• the ability of an atom to attract toward itself
the electrons in a chemical bond.
•Atoms can form multiple
• property that helps us distinguish a nonpolar
covalent bonds
covalent bond from a polar covalent bond • Single
• Double
• Triple

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D. Multiple Bonds D. Multiple Bonds

•Single Bond •Double Bond

• two atoms are held together by • two atoms share two pairs of
one electron pair electrons
CO2
CH3CH3

C2H4

D. Multiple Bonds E. Coordinate Covalent Bond

•Triple Bond • A bond formed wherein one

• two atoms share three pairs of furnishes both the bonding pair of
electrons electrons.
H2SO4
C2H2 H1 1s1
S16 1s22s22p63s23p4
O8 1s22s22p4

E. Coordinate Covalent Bond E. Coordinate Covalent Bond

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E. Coordinate Covalent Bond F. Metallic Bond

• consists of group of cations held in

a fixed position in the metal and
the valence electrons which are
free to move about among the
different electron clouds.

Intermolecular Bonds Intermolecular Bonds

• Intermolecular forces – attractive • Van der Waals – Very weak forces of

forces between molecules attraction between non-polar
• Van der Waals molecules
• Hydrogen Bond
• Dipole Bond F2 F2 CBr4 CBr4
• Resonance CH4 CH4 C6H6 C6H6

Intermolecular Bonds Intermolecular Bonds

• Hydrogen Bond – is an attractive force • Dipole Bond – is an attractive force

that exists between the hydrogen of one between polar molecules
molecule and the more electronegative
portion of another molecule (such as O, F, and
N)

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Intermolecular Bonds Intermolecular Forces of Attraction

1. Van der Waals
a. London/DispersionForces
• Resonance – The use of two or more Lewis b. Keesom Forces
Structures to represent a particular molecule. c. Debye Forces
• Resonance Structure – is one of the two or
more Lewis Structures for a single molecule 2. Hydrogen Bonds
that cannot be represented accurately by only
one Lewis Structure.
3. Ion-Induced Dipole

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3 Types of Van der Waals

Dipole-Dipole
Forces
• Two polar molecules align so that
1) dipole-dipole OPPOSITE CHARGES are matched
2) dipole-induced dipole (electrostatic attraction)
3) dispersion

K Br K Br

Dipole-Induced Dipole Example

• A dipole can induce (cause) a
temporary dipole to form in a non- - e- e- e- -
polar molecule e- e e
d-
d+ H Cl d- d+ee- - ee- -e- Ar
e- e- e-
• The molecules then line up to - - e - e-
e e
match opposite charges INDUCED
non-polar
A DIPOLE DIPOLE
(it’s polar)

Dipole – Induced Dipole

(weak and short-lived)

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Dispersion Forces Dispersion Forces

• A temporary dipole forms in a non-
polar molecule which leads to a - e- e- e-
temporary dipole to form in
-
e- e e- e
- e- e e- - -
d+ d+e e e- e- ee- ee- d-
- -

ANOTHER non-polar molecule

e -
e- - e-Cl-Cl
e -
- d-
e- e
e ee- - - - e
e - Cl-Cl
- e- e-
-
- e
e e e
• Dispersion is the ONLY TEMPORARY INDUCED
intermolecular attraction that non-polar non-polar
occurs between non-polar DIPOLE DIPOLE
molecules
Dispersion
(weakest and very short-lived)

Chemical Formulas
1. Structural Formula

2. Molecular Formula

3. Empirical Formula

Nomenclature and
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Formula Writing

Outline: Binary Ionic Compounds

• Binary Ionic Compounds • contain a positive ion (cation) always
o Type I written first in the formula and a
o Type II negative ion (anion)
• Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic Ions
• Binary Covalent Compounds (Type III)
• Acids

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Binary Ionic Compounds (Type I)
• In naming these compounds the following
rules apply:
1. The cation is always named first and the
anion second.
2. A monatomic (meaning “one-atom”) cation
takes its name from the name of the
element. For example, Na is called sodium
in the names of compounds containing this
ion.
3. A monatomic anion is named by taking the
root of the element name and adding -ide.
Thus the Cl ion is called chloride.
Binary Ionic Compounds (Type I)
Binary Ionic Compounds (Type II)
• In a case such as this, the charge on
the metal ion must be specified.
• The systematic names for these two iron
compounds are iron(II) chloride and
iron(III) chloride, respectively, where
the Roman numeral indicates the charge
of the cation.
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Binary Ionic Compounds (Type I)
Binary Ionic Compounds (Type II)
more
• There are many metals that form
than one type of positive ion and
thus form more than one type of ionic
compound with a given anion.
• For example, the compound FeCl2
contains Fe2+ ions, and the compound
FeCl3 contains Fe3+ ions.
Binary Ionic Compounds (Type II)
• Another system for naming these ionic
compounds that is seen in the older
literature was used for metals that form
only two ions.
• The ion with the higher charge has a
name ending in -ic, and the one with
the lower charge has a name ending in -
ous.
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Binary Ionic Compounds (Type II) Binary Ionic Compounds (Type II)

• In this system, for example, Fe3+ is

called the ferric ion, and Fe2+ is
called the ferrous ion. The names
for FeCl3 and FeCl2 are then ferric
chloride and ferrous chloride,
respectively.

Binary Ionic Compounds Binary Ionic Compounds

• This case most commonly occurs for
compounds containing transition metals,
which often form more than one cation.
• Elements that form only one cation do not
need to be identified by a Roman numeral.
• Common metals that do not require Roman
numerals are the Group 1A elements, which
form only +1 ions; the Group 2A elements,
which form only +2 ions; and aluminum, which
forms only Al3+.

Binary Ionic Compounds Binary Ionic Compounds

• In virtually all its compounds silver is found as
the Ag+1 ion. Therefore, although silver is a
transition metal (and can potentially form
ions other than Ag), silver compounds are
usually named without a Roman numeral.
Thus AgCl is typically called silver chloride
rather than silver(I) chloride, although the
latter name is technically correct.
• Also, a Roman numeral is not used for zinc
compounds, since zinc forms only the Zn +2 ion.

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Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic
Ions
• We have not yet considered ionic
compounds that contain polyatomic
ions. For example, the compound
ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3, contains
the polyatomic ions NH4+ and NO3-
• Polyatomic ions are assigned special
names that must be memorized to name
the compounds containing them.
Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic
Ions
• When more than two oxyanions make up
a series, hypo- (less than) and per-
(more than) are used as prefixes to
name the members of the series with
the fewest and the most oxygen atoms,
respectively.
Binary Covalent Compounds
(Type III)
• are formed between two nonmetals.
• Although these compounds do not
contain ions, they are named very
similarly to binary ionic compounds.
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Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic
Ions
• Several series of anions contain an atom of
a given element and different numbers of
oxygen atoms. These anions are called
oxyanions.
• When there are two members in such a
series, the name of the one with the
smaller number of oxygen atoms ends in
-ite and the name of the one with the
larger number ends in –ate.
• For example, sulfite (SO3 2-) and sulfate
(SO4 2-).
Binary Covalent Compounds
(Type III)
1. The first element in the formula is named
first, using the full element name.
2. The second element is named as if it
were an anion.
3. Prefixes are used to denote the numbers
of atoms present.
4. The prefix mono- is never used for
naming the first element. For example,
CO- is called carbon monoxide, not
monocarbon monoxide.
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Binary Covalent Compounds Binary Covalent Compounds

(Type III) (Type III)

Binary Covalent Compounds

(Type III)
• Some compounds are always referred to
by their common names. Three
examples are water, ammonia, and
hydrogen peroxide. The systematic
names for H2O, NH3, and H2O2 are never
used.

Acids Acids
• a molecule in which one or more H+ ions • When the anion contains oxygen, the
are attached to an anion.
acidic name is formed from the root
• The rules for naming acids depend on
whether the anion contains oxygen. name of the anion with a suffix of -ic or
• If the name of the anion ends in -ide, the -ous, depending on the name of the
acid is named with the prefix hydro- and anion.
the suffix -ic.
• For example, when gaseous HCl is dissolved
in water, it forms hydrochloric acid.
Similarly, HCN and H2S dissolved in water
are called hydrocyanic and hydrosulfuric
acids, respectively.

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Acids Acids

• If the anion name ends in -ate, the
suffix -ic is added to the root name.
• For example, H2SO4 contains the sulfate
anion (SO4 -2) and is called sulfuric acid;
H3PO4 contains the phosphate anion (PO4
-3) and is called phosphoric acid; and
HC2H3O2 contains the acetate ion
(C2H3O2) and is called acetic acid.
• If the anion has an -ite ending, the -ite
is replaced by -ous. For example, H2SO3,
which contains sulfite (SO3-2), is named
sulfurous acid; and HNO2, which
contains nitrite (NO-2), is named nitrous
acid.

Acids Acids

Acids Acids

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Gas Laws Thermodynamics

1. Boyle’s Law 1. Law of Conservation of Energy
2. Charles Law
3. Gay-Lussac’s Law of Combining Volumes 2. Law of Entropy
4. Ideal Gas Law
5. Combined Gas Law 3. Solid crystalline substance has zero entropy
6. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure
7. Avogadro’s Law 4. Zeroth Law
8. Graham’s Law of Diffusion

VIDEO LINKS References:

Introduction to Chemistry ▷ Petrucci, R., Harwood, W. and
▷ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v Herring, G., (2004). General
=xsNVWEHW3BE Chemistry Principles and Modern
▷ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v Applications. (8th edition) New
=QiiyvzZBKT8 Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc.
Branches of Chemistry ▷ Raymond, K. (2006). General
Organic and Biological Chemistry.
▷ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons,
=4ekf0J-W5k0 Inc.
History of Chemistry
▷ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=nXKrmOHU68k 75 76

Thanks!
Any questions?

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