CHEMICAL BONDING

-LESSON 3-

CHEM 101 (INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY)

OBJECTIVES:
• Define chemical bonding.

• Identify and demonstrate the different types of chemical

bonds.

• Appreciate the importance of chemical bonding.

Types of Chemical Bonds
Interatomic:

Covalent Bonding

Ionic Bonding

Metallic Bonding

Intermolecule:

Vander waals Forces

Hydrophobic interactions

Hydrogen Bonds
Two classes of elements, metals and nonmetals, combine through three types of bonding: metal and nonmetal through
ionic bonding, nonmetal and nonmetal through covalent bonding, and metal and metal through metallic bonding.

Silberberg, M. (2010) Principles of General Chemistry 2nd Edition, New York: McGraw-Hill
 What is Chemical Bonding?
Key Points:

Metals bond to Nonmetals “IONICALLY”

Nonmetals bond to Nonmetals “COVALENTLY”
Metals bond to themselves “METALICALLY”

OCTET RULE: ALL ATOM WANTS IS A FULL SET OF “8” VALENCE ELECTRONS TO
BE STABLE! To be like the Noble Gas Elements? But how?

Valence electrons are the outermost energy level

electrons in an atom. And these electrons are the ones involve in the chemical bonding
The central idea of the ionic bonding model is the transfer of electrons from metal atoms to
nonmetal atoms to form ions that come together in a solid ionic compound.

Silberberg, M. (2010) Principles of General

Chemistry 2nd Edition, New York: McGraw-Hill
• Ionic bonds involve a cation and an anion. The bond is formed

when an atom, typically a metal, loses an electron or electrons,

and becomes a positive ion, or cation.

• Another atom, typically a non-metal, is able to acquire the

electron(s) to become a negative ion, or anion.

Silberberg, M. (2010) Principles of General

Chemistry 2nd Edition, New York: McGraw-Hill
G. N. Lewis reasoned that atoms might acquire a noble-gas electron configuration by sharing electrons with other atoms. A

chemical bond formed by sharing a pair of electrons is a covalent bond.

Silberberg, M. (2010) Principles of General Chemistry 2nd Edition, New York: McGraw-Hill

Single Covalent Bond
• Each atom shares one pair
of electrons
• Each atom shares 2
electrons
• Longest bond
• Weakest bond of the three
Double Covalent Bond
• In a double bond, each atom
shares two pairs of electrons
• Each atom shares 4
electrons
• Medium length bond
• Medium strength bond
Triple Covalent Bond
• In a triple covalent bond, each atom
shares three pairs of electrons
• Each atom shares 6 electrons
• The shortest bond
• The strongest bond
• Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and
sulfur can form double and triple
covalent bonds
Electronegativity values are useful in determining if a bond is to be classified as nonpolar covalent, polar covalent or
ionic.

Nonpolar Covalent Bond
• • occurs when there
occurs when there
is equal sharing (between
the two atoms) of the
electrons in the bond
• Molecules such as Cl2,
H2 and F2
Ionic Bond
Polar Covalent Bond
• occurs when there
is complete transfer
is unequal sharing (between
(between the two atoms) of
the two atoms) of the
the electrons in the bond
electrons in the bond
• Substances such as NaCl
• Molecules such as NH3 and
and MgCl2
H2O

So, let's review the rules:

1. If the electronegativity difference (usually called ΔEN) is less than 0.5, then the bond is nonpolar covalent.
2. If the ΔEN is between 0.5 and 1.6, the bond is considered polar covalent
3. If the ΔEN is greater than 2.0, then the bond is ionic.
https://www.chemteam.info/Bonding/Electroneg-Bond-Polarity.html
REFERENCES:

1. Brown, T.L., LeMay Jr., H.E., Bursten, B.E., Murphy, C.J., Woodward, P.M. (2011) Chemistry

– The Central Science, 12th ed., Prentice-Hall International Inc.

2. Chang, R. and Goldsby, K. (2016) Chemistry, 12th International Edition, New York: McGraw-

Hill

3. Masterton, W.L. and Hurley, C.N. (2016) Chemistry Principle and Reactions, 8th edition.

Canada: Brooks/Cole-Cengage Learning

4. Silberberg, M. (2010) Principles of General Chemistry 2nd Edition, New York: McGraw-Hill