Lesson 4:

The Polarity of Molecule

Based on Its Structure
MOLECULE is a
group of two or
more atoms held
together by
chemical bond.
Example of Molecules
Example of Molecules
POLARITY refers to the distribution of electric
charge around atoms, chemical group, or
molecules.
 2 Factors that determine
the POLARITY OF MOLECULES
1. The polarity of the bonds between atoms
which can be studied based on
electronegativity.
2. The geometric shape of the molecule which
can be predicted via the valence shell
electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory.
POLARITY OF
MOLECULES
• All compounds can be classified based on
what type of chemical bond formed when
the atoms combined.
1. METALLIC BOND
❖ A metallic bond is
formed when the
valence electrons are
not associated with a
particular atom or
ion, but exist as a
"cloud" of electrons
around the ion
centers
❖ Formed only between
metals.
2. IONIC BOND
❖ An ionic bond is
formed when
valence electrons
are transferred from
one atom to the
other to complete
the outer electron
shell.
❖ Formed only
between metals
and non-metals .
2. COVALENT BOND
❖ A covalent bond is
formed when the
valence electrons
from one atom are
shared between two
or more particular
atoms.
❖ Formed only
between
nonmetals.
TYPES OF COVALENT BOND BASED ON ITS
CONCENTRATION OF CHARGES

1 Nonpolar
Covalent Bond
Equal sharing of
electrons
 TYPES OF COVALENT BOND BASED ON ITS
CONCENTRATION OF CHARGES

2Polar Covalent
Bond
Unequal sharing of
electrons
• Water is called the
"universal solvent"
because it is capable of
dissolving more
substances than any other
liquid.
• It is water's chemical
composition and physical
attributes that make it
such an excellent solvent.
Hydrophilic Hydrophobic
• “water-loving” • “water-fearing”
• Substances/ • Substances/
molecules that molecules that do
have a tendency to not mix with water.
mix or be wetted Examples: oil &
with water. fats
Examples: salt &
sugar
 Difference Between Polar and Non-polar Molecules
1.Polar molecules have positive and negative
ends (charges) while nonpolar molecules
charges are cancelled out.
 Difference Between Polar and Non-polar Molecules
2.In Polar molecules, charges is unevenly
distributed, while in nonpolar molecules
distribution of electrons is equal and are
completely symmetrical.
Difference Between Polar and Non-polar Molecules

3. When a highly electronegative atom bond with

less electronegative atom a polar molecule is
formed.
Electronegativity
H = 2.2
Cl = 3.16
 ELECTRONEGATIVITY (EN)

❖ Linus Pauling described

electronegativity as “the power
of an atom in a molecule to
attract electrons to itself.”
❖ The higher the value of
Linus Pauling
(1901 – 1904)
electronegativity, the more it
American Chemist tends to attract electron toward
itself.
 Directions of
increasing
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
 What is the connection of ELECTRONEGATIVITY to
the POLARITY of a molecule?

Electronegativity Bond Type

Difference
Less than 0.4 Non-polar Covalent Bond
0.4 to 1.7 Polar Covalent Bond
Greater than 1.7 Ionic Bond
 Difference Between Polar and Non-polar Molecules
4. Nonpolar are mostly hydrocarbons liquids.

Electronegativity
H = 2.2
C = 2.55
Difference Between Polar and Non-polar Molecules

5. Polar molecules have electrical dipole

movement while nonpolar don’t have.
Difference Between Polar and Non-polar Molecules
6. Polar molecules interact with polar molecules.
Nonpolar molecules do not interact the same way.
7. Polar molecules have a lone pair on the central atom
while nonpolar molecules don’t have lone pair on the
central atom.
 Difference Between Polar and Non-polar Molecules
8. When an atom on the terminal is different then it is
polar.
Difference Between Polar and Non-polar Molecules
9. “Like dissolves like” which means that polar
molecules dissolves into other polar molecules and
nonpolar into other nonpolar. Polar cannot dissolve
into nonpolar molecules and vice versa.
TYPES OF COVALENT BOND
BASED ON ITS SHARED
ELECTRONS
1 Single Bond
• It is the result of two atoms sharing 1 pair of valence
electrons to form a chemical bond.
• can be represented by single lines (−).
2 Double Bond
• It is the result of two atoms sharing 2 pair of valence
electrons to form a chemical bond.
• can be represented by double lines (=).
3 Triple Bond
• It is the result of two atoms sharing 3 pair of valence
electrons to form a chemical bond.
• can be represented by triple lines (≡).
What is a valence electron?
Lewis Dot Structure
 What is Lewis Dot Structure?

• In 1916, Gilbert Lewis

Newton introduced a
simple way to show
the bonding between
atoms in a molecule
though Lewis electron
dot diagrams.
Why Lewis Dot Structure?

• A Lewis dot diagram or

Lewis structure is a
diagram of the valence
electrons of an atom that
uses dots around the
symbol of the element.
The number of dots
equals the number of
valence electrons in the
atom.
Bonding pairs are the shared pairs of
electrons represented by lines in the structure
while lone pairs or nonbonding pairs are the
unshared pairs of electrons.
Steps for Creating Simple Lewis Dot Structures

1.Count the total number of valence electrons in the molecule.

2. Use the formula of molecules shown as AXn, place the atom
with the least number of valence electron, at the center of the
structure.
3. Draw a single bond from each terminal atom to the central
atom.
4. Each atom must obtain eight electrons to follow the Octet rule.
Note: Place the lone pairs on the side and place any remaining
valence electrons on the central atom.
5. If an atom still does not have an octet number. Move a lone
pair from the side atom and the central atom to make a double
or triple bond.
Draw the LEDS of the following molecules.
1. 𝐶𝐻4 (methane)
2. 𝐻2 𝑜 (water)
3. 𝐻𝐶𝑁 (Hydrogen Cyanide)
4. 𝐵𝐹3 (Boron trifluoride)
5. 𝑁𝐻3 (Ammonia)