HOW ATOMS BOND

COVALENT BONDS

• Result from the sharing of valence electrons

• Fundamental unit= molecule
• Molecule= atoms held together by covalent bonds
 COVALENT BONDS

• Primarily occur in atoms of the nonmetallic elements

• Hydrogen tends to form covalent bonds due to its attraction for an additional
electron
• Number of covalent bonds an atom can form is equal to the number of
additional electrons it can attract
 CONCEPT
CHECK

• How many bonds will

hydrogen form?
• What about carbon?
• What about Nitrogen?
 • Nonbonding pairs are pairs on single atom
• Both electrons originate in the same atom
• Bonding pairs are shared between two atoms
• A single line represents TWO electrons
• one electron comes from each atom participating in the bond
ELECTRON DOT
STRUCTURES
FOR COVALENT
COMPOUND
 IONIC VS COVALENT BONDS

• An ionic bond is formed when an atom that tends to lose electrons makes
contact with an atom that tends to gain them
• A covalent bond is formed when two atoms that both tend to gain electrons are
brought into contact with each other

• Covalent-bond and negative-ion formation are both applications of the same concept:
nonmetallic atoms tend to gain electrons until their valence shells are filled
COVALENT
EXAMPLES
 CONCEPT CHECK

• How many electrons make up a covalent bond?

 MULTIPLE BONDS

• Possible to have more than two electrons shared

• Double covalent bond: sharing of four electrons
• Triple covalent bond: sharing of 6 electrons
 COVALENT BONDING IN POLYATOMIC
IONS

• Becomes important when determining molecular shape

• Draw Lewis Structure to determine number of covalent bonds between atoms
• Count all valence electrons for all contributing atoms
• Arrange atoms next to each other
• Use two valence electrons to form each bond
• Satisfy octets by distributing remaining valence electrons as nonbonding electrons
 LEWIS PRACTICE

• BeF2
 LEWIS PRACTICE

• CCl4
 LEWIS PRACTICE

• NH4+
 LEWIS PRACTICE

• CH2F2
 VALENCE SHELL ELECTRON-PAIR
REPULSION THEORY

• Also known as VSEPR theory

• Electron pairs want to be as far apart as possible
• Electrostatic repulsions
 DETERMINING
MOLECULAR
GEO ME TRY U SIN G
V SE PR THE ORY
 VALENCE ELECTRONS DETERMINE
MOLECULAR SHAPE

• Molecular shape is defined by substituent atoms

• Two steps to finding shape:

• Position all substituents around central atom
• Ignore nonbonding pairs to determine shape
 PRACTICE

• NH3
• Molecular Geometry:
• Shape:
• Angle size:
 PRACTICE

• CCl4
 PRACTICE

• BI3
 PRACTICE

• C2H2
 MOLECULAR POLARITY

• Sharing of electrons isn’t always equal

• Polar covalent bonds: Uneven sharing of electrons
• Nonpolar covalent bonds: Even sharing of electrons
• Separation of charges is called dipole
 E L E C T R O N E G AT I V I T
Y

• Ability of an atom to tug on

bonding electrons
• Electronegativity increases
up and to the right of the
periodic table
 NONPOLAR BONDS

• Two atoms exhibit the same electronegativity

• Does not exhibit a dipole
 POLAR BONDS

• Two atoms differ in electronegativity

• Does exhibit a dipole
POLAR AND NONPOLAR BONDS
 CONCEPT CHECK

Rank the following elements from least electronegative to most electronegative: Fr, Cu, Ge,
Cl, F
 • Depends on 3D shape of molecule
• If the dipoles cancel completely, molecule is nonpolar
• If dipole does not cancel, molecule is polar
• Must consider strength and shape of dipole

MOLECULAR
POLARITY
ELECTRON DISTRIBUTION
ELECTRON DISTRIBUTION
PRACTICE
POLAR MOLECULE
ATTRACTION

Polar molecules can be thought of as “sticky”