13/08/2018

 INTRODUCTION
 TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDS
• IONIC BONDS
• COVALENT BONDS
 ELECTRONEGATIVITY
 BONDPOLARITY AND DIPOLE
General Chemical Calculations Lecture MOMENTS
Engr. Jeremiah Emier Villanueva
Adamson University
Chemical Engineering

 Chemical bonding exists in all compounds  IONIC BOND

between atoms. • Formed by electrostatic attraction of oppositely
 The bonding of these atoms affects the charged ions
physical as well as the chemical properties • Always formed between a METAL and a
of the different chemical compounds. NONMETAL: the more different 2 elements are in
terms of their metallic properties, the more
likely will they form ionic bonds.
• e.g. : Fluorine, F is the least metallic element, and
can form ionic compounds with a lot of elements

graphite diamond
http://sci.waikato.ac.nz/farm/images/graphite.jpg
http://mrbarlow.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/diamond.jpg
http://www.galleries.com/minerals/elements/graphite/graphite.jpg

 IONIC BOND
 IONIC BOND • Cations are formed from metals since it is easier to form
• RECALL: Ionization energies and electron stable configurations when giving up electrons
affinities represent the change in energy when  These are smaller than their parent atoms since giving up an
electron leads to lower electron-electron repulsion, leaving the
ions are formed remaining electrons more tightly bound to the nucleus
• Ions that are found in compounds are those that
• Anions are formed from nonmetals since it is easier to
require less energy to be formed. be stable by giving up electrons.
• Ions formed are cations (positively charged) and  These are larger since addition of electrons increases
electron-electron repulsion.
anions (negatively charged).
e.g: radii measurements:
Na+ - 102 pm; Na – 186 pm
F- - 133 pm; F – 72 pm

1

 IONIC BOND
• Ions in a compound can be found in a bulk crystal
lattice where ions display attractive (to oppositely
charged ions) and repulsive (to likely charged ions)
forces.
• Lattice energy is defined as the energy
contribution of all the attractive and repulsive
forces in a crystal lattice.
 COVALENT BOND
• In a covalent bond, the location where there is an
occurring sharing becomes a denser region
• Examples:
Water molecules (H-O-H bonding)
Carbon dioxide (O=C=O)
 Differentatoms have varying
electronegativities, which also lead to
polarity between covalent bonds.
• E.g.: H-F – hydrogen fluoride
 This difference creates an electric field for the molecule.
 The bond formed is therefore polar, and the 2 oppositely
charged points that constitute the dipole.
 The greater the difference in electronegativity, the
greater the polarity of the bond.
13/08/2018
 COVALENT BOND
• Covalent bonds are formed due to the sharing of
pair electrons of 2 atoms.
• This usually occurs between 2 nonmetals. There is
no transfer of electrons, only sharing.
• Bond energy is the energy released when 2 atoms
form a covalent bond.
• Bond length is the distance between 2 covalently
bonded atoms.
 Recall that electronegativity is the
attraction of an atom for the shared
electrons in a covalent bond.
• The most electronegative element is fluorine, F.
 Differentatoms have varying
electronegativities, which also lead to
polarity between covalent bonds.
• E.g.: H-F – hydrogen fluoride
 Since fluorine has higher electronegativity than
hydrogen, more electrons are associated with the
fluorine atom.
Brown, L. and Holme, T. (2007) Chemistry
for Engineering Students. Singapore:
Thomson Brooks/Cole.