Chemical

Bonding

Chapter 3

By: Huzaifa 10-5

 Cations:
3.1 Ions and
A positive Ion that would be attracted to
Ionic Bonding cathode in electrolysis. This is when a
metal atom looses electrons and becomes
positively charged, this is because the
protons and electrons will not equally
Ionic Bonding: cancel out with each other, instead it will
leave extra protons.
Ionic bonding involves the
Eg: [Na]+, [Mg]+2, etc.
transfer of electrons form
a metal to a non-metal atom Anions:
to complete its octet (outer
A negative Ion that would be attracted to
energy level/shell). anode in electrolysis. This is when a non-
metal atom gains electrons and becomes
Negatively charged, this is because the
Na Cl = [Na]+ [Cl]- protons and electrons will not equally
cancel out with each other, instead it will
Valence electrons
=1
Valence electrons
=7
leave extra electrons.
Eg: [Cl]-, [O]-2, etc.
Properties of Ionic Compounds:
An Ionic Lattice where
each ion is surrounded
by ions of opposite
charges.
The physical properties of ionic compounds
are that they:
1. Have extremely high melting and
boiling points. (Because they require
high amounts thermal energy to break
the bonds).
2. Do not conduct electricity when they
are solids. (Tightly compact allowing no
electrons to enter).
3. Conduct electricity when dissolved in
water.
4. Are held together by strong
electrostatic forces of attraction.

3.2 Covalent
Bonding:
Covalent Bonding:
Covalent bonding involves
the equal sharing of
electrons between non-metal
atoms to complete their octet
(outer energy level/shell). No
charges involved.
NF3 (Nitrogen trifluoride)
F N F have a complete octet allowing no extra
F 4. Tend to be more flammable than ionic
Properties of Covalent
Compounds:
The physical properties of covalent compounds
are that they:
1. Have low melting and boiling points.
(Because they have week bonds).
2. Do not conduct electricity. (Because they
electrons).
3. Tend to be flexible and soft.
compounds.
3.3 Metallic
Bonding:
Metallic bonding involves an electrostatic
force of attraction between mobile sea of
electrons and the regular array of positive
metal ions within a solid metal. This is because
when metals are packed together, each atom
looses its outer electron into a sea of
delocalized electrons. Having lost electrons,
the atoms present are no longer electrically
neutral, but instead become positive as they
loose electrons from their outer shell.
Properties of metals:
1. High melting and boiling points.
2. Good conductors of electricity and heat.
3. Ductile and malleable.
4. When a force is applied they metal layers
can slide over each other without
breaking.

3.4 Giant
Structures:
Giant ionic lattice structures:
A lattice (giant structure of repeating
ions) held together by strong
electrostatic forces of attraction
between positive and negative ions.
In the diagram we can see and ionic lattice of
Diamond Graphite
sodium chloride (Na+Cl-). In this lattice each 1. Doesn't conduct 1. Good Conductor of
sodium ion is surrounded by 6 chlorine ions electricity. electricity.
and each chlorine ion is surrounded by 6
sodium ions, making it consist of equal
2. Hardest natural
substance.
3. Colorless sparkling
2. Soft, layers slide over
each other.
3. Dark Grey, shiny
amounts of ions to make the charges crystal. substance.
balanced. 4. Used in jewelry and 4. Used in pencils and as
ornamental objects. a lubricant.
5. Used as electrodes for
Giant covalent structures: 5. Used as cutting tools.
the brushes in motors.
A substance where large numbers of atoms
are held together by covalent bonds Giant metallic lattice:
forming a strong lattice structure. This type
of covalent structure is shown in some
substances like diamond, graphite and A regular arrangement of positive
silicon 4 oxide. metal ions held together by the mobile
'sea' of electrons moving between the
ions.
Here are some examples of giant covalent lattice's.
 Diamonds are usually/mostly used in jewelry Fullerene:
3.5 Carbon and other ornamental objects. It is also used
for cutting metals, used as cutting tools.

Allotropes: Graphite:

Diamond:

Fullerenes, or Buckminster-fullerenes in
full, are molecules composed entirely of
carbon, taking the form of a hollow
Graphite has a layered structure that consists sphere, ellipsoid, tube or ring. Fullerene is
of rings of six carbon atoms arranged in composed of 60 carbon atoms in which 12
The structure of a diamond is arranged in pentagons are evenly distributed over its
widely spaced horizontal sheets. Graphite
a highly symmetrical repeating surface, each one completely surrounded
involves a big covalent structures with each
tetrahedral arrangement with tight by a ring of hexagons. Buckminster-
carbon atom joined with three other carbon
covalent bonds. A diamond structure is fullerenes conduct electricity and have
atoms with covalent bonds. The structure of
made of carbon atoms in which each high melting and boiling points. They are
graphite gives them the ability of sliding over
carbon atom is surrounded by four other mostly used as anti-oxidants.
eachother, they conduct electricity and have
carbon atoms. Diamonds are the hardest
high melting and boiling points. They are
substance, they do not conduct electricity
mostly used in pencil lids and also used in
and have a high melting and boiling point.
motors as carbon brushes/electrodes.
3.6 Nano-
technology:
Introduction to nanotech:

Nanotechnology, also shortened to nanotech,

is the use of matter on an atomic, molecular,
and supramolecular scale for industrial
purposes. Nanotechnology is the
understanding and control of matter at the
nanoscale, at dimensions between
approximately 1 and 100 nanometers, where
unique phenomena enable novel applications.
Encompassing nanoscale science,
engineering, and technology,
nanotechnology involves imaging, measuring,
modeling, and manipulating matter at this
length scale.