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THE EARTH
Nisa Nurul Ilmi, S.Si., M.Sc.
Fakultas Teknik Geologi
Universitas Padjadjaran
2015
INTRO
• Defined by:
- First ionization potential
the energy required to remove one electron from a positively charged
particle.
indicates how strongly the nucleus of a neutral atom attracts an
electron in a partially filled orbital.
- Electronegativity
the ability of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons to itself.
measures the ionic character of covalent bonds, indicating the extent
to which two atoms share their valence electron equally.
elements with low electronegativity are electron donors/ metals
First ionization potential
Ionization potential
Example: H --> H+ + e-
atoms to give up
One
Atomic number
Character of elements in each periods changes from metallic (low ionisation potential,
electron donor) to nonmetallic (high ionisation potential, electron acceptor).
First ionization potential
First potential
ionisation of Be
and N is higher
due to filling of s-
orbital, and the
half-filling of p-
orbital
Electronegativity
The concept of Electronegativity refers to the ability of a bonded atom to pull electrons
towards itself.
It is defined as the relative ability of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons towards itself.
As atoms bond, electrons are shared or transferred. The atom with the higher
electronegativity will dominate the electrons.
Na – Cl
K – Cl
Cs – F
Bonding in Molecules
Ionic interaction
(bond)
Covalent bond between C – O
(this bond would not affected
by water)
Ionic Radius
Ionic radius
Cations have smaller radii than anions. Ionic radius decreases with increasing charge.
Ionic radius is important for geochemical reactions such as substitution in crystal lattices,
solubility, and diffusion rates.
Source:
http://elearning.stkc.go.th/lms/htm
l/earth_science/LOcanada1/102/4_
en.htm
CONTINENTAL VS. OCEANIC CRUST
The crust is the outer shell of the Earth,
which lies above the mantle
lower Na2O
K2O
3.1
1.1
are higher
Technique to determine elements
concentration
1. Wet chemistry: gravimetric/ volumetric
2. Modern Spectroscopy techniques
Trace Elements
Trace elements are those elements that are not
stoichiometric constituents of phases in the system
of Interest.
Example for most silicate rocks:
• O, Si, Al, Na, Mg, Ca, and Fe are major elements
• H, C, S, K, P, Ti, Cr, and Mn are sometimes major
elements as they could be stoichiometric
constituents of phases, but also referred as minor
elements
• The rest of this called Trace Elements
Trace Elements
• The existence of trace elements does not
affect the chemical and physical properties of
the system as a whole to a significant extent.
• For dilute concentration of trace elements A
and major component B, the interaction
between A-A is not significant compared to A-
B
Major vs. Trace Elements
Behavior of the Elements
• Geochemical characteristic of the elements by
Goldsmith. Goldsmith’s Classification
– Atmophile
– Lithophile
– Siderophile
– Chalcophile
Atmophile
• Elements that are generally extremely volatile
• They form gasses or liquids at the surface of
the Earth
• The elements are concentrated in the
atmosphere and hydrosphere
Lithophile
• Refer to the tendency of the elements to
partition into a silicate liquid
• Showing affinity for silicate phases
• Concentrated in silicate portion of the Earth
(crust and mantle)
Siderophile
• Refer to the tendency of the elements to
partition into a metal liquid
• Have an affinity for a metallic liquid phase
• They are depleted in the silicate portion of the
earth
• Presumably concentrated in the core
Chalcophile
• Refer to the tendency of the elements to
partition into a sulfide liquid
• Have an affinity for a sulfide liquid phase
• Depleted in the silicate earth and maybe
concentrated in the core
• Most elements that are chalcophile are usually
siderophile and visa versa.
Geochemical Affinity