THE COSMIC

ORIGIN OF
ELEMENTS
MELITA B. SARIGUMBA
Quezon City High School – Senior High School
Quezon City, PHILIPPINES
 Elements are known to
exist along with the birth
of the universe
COSMOS = UNIVERSE

3
⋆ Cosmology is the study of the universe
⋆ Astronomy is study of the heavenly bodies

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The Solar System
comprised of the Sun and
all the heavenly objects
that are held by its gravity

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 Cosmic Rays vs Cosmic Rays Spallation
Cosmic Rays Cosmic Rays Spallation
are highly energetic charged are highly energetic atomic
particles    from   outside  of nucleus or other particles
Earth  ranging from protons, travelling through space at a
alpha particles,   and   nuclei speed approaching to that of
of  many   heavier  elements. light.

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Where did the first element come from?
⋆ The Big Bang
⋆ Stellar Formation and
Evolution
⋆ Stellar Explosion

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The Big Bang
 “
Big Bang is the leading
explanation about how the
universe began

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 The Big Bang
WHEN HOW WHAT
Approximately 14 It was a hot dense The said explosion
billion years ago, mass of about one spread its by-products
the universe starts centimeter (1cm) in as a fast moving
with a small diameter or less, that cloud of gas,
singularity. inflated over billions accompanied by the
of year until it emission of a huge
experienced a huge amount of light.
explosion.

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One second after the Big Bang, the temperature of
the universe was roughly 10 billion degrees and was
filled with a sea of elementary particles that fused
together and became neutrons, protons, electrons,
anti-electrons (positrons), photons and neutrinos.
From Hot To Cool
As the Universe expanded
from the initial “bang”, it
cooled
⋆ Photons became quarks
⋆ Quarks became
neutrons and protons
⋆ Neutrons & Protons
made atoms
⋆ Atoms clumped
together to make stars
& galaxies 13
 Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
⋆ Took place 10 seconds to 20 minutes after
the Big Bang when the Universe once had
temperature of millions K
⋆ Amounts of Primordial Deuterium, Helium &
Lithium in the Universe supports this theory
⋆ Nucleosynthesis did not proceed past Helium
because heavier elements were difficult to make
& the Universe was cooling rapidly

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 “
FUSION requires
high temperatures
and high densities

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Deuterium
An isotope of hydrogen,
H, with one proton and
one neutron.

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Proton Fusion
⋆ Forms Deuterium (D or 2H),
with one proton turning into
a neutron via beta-plus
decay, to give off a neutrino
and a positron:
1
H + 1H → 2H + ν + e+
⋆ Meanwhile, some protons
and neutrons are fused to
form Helium

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“

21 Source: BigHistoryProject
 Big Bang Elements
⋆   ⋆ Hydrogen and its isotopes
 Protium,  
 Deuterium,  
 Tritium,  
⋆ Helium and its isotopes
• Helium-3, e
• Helium-4, e
⋆ Traces of Lithium, Li-6, Li-7
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 Radioactive Particles From
The BIG BANG (please take note of their symbols)
⋆
⋆ Electron
  () = negative charge
⋆ Proton () or() = positive charge
⋆ Neutron () = no charge
⋆ Alpha particle () or (e) = high-speed particle consisting of
2 protons and 2 neutrons
⋆ Beta particle () or () = high-speed electron
⋆ Gamma ray ( ) = high-energy stream of photons
⋆ Positron () = positively-charged electron

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 Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Reactions
⋆   +  +
+  +
+  +
+ e+
+ e+
+ e+
(Notice that each particle /element involved in the reaction has a subscript and
a superscript. Did you count if they are balanced on both sides of the reaction?)
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Isotopes
are chemical elements that
have the same number of
protons in the nucleus, or
the same atomic number,
but have different numbers
of neutrons in the nucleus,
or different atomic masses

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Isotopes
Each isotope is named on
the basis of its mass
number, which is the total
combined number of
neutrons and protons in an
atom

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 How To Write An Isotope
Hyphen Notation ⋆   Symbol
Nuclear Example
 

”ELEMENT NAME” – “#”, ⋆ Chlorine – 35

or where ⋆ Cl – 35
⋆ A = mass number
”ELEMENT SYMBOL” – “#” = Protons + Neutrons
where “#” = mass number ⋆ Z = atomic number
= Protons
⋆ X = Element

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 Example: Chlorine
Hyphen Notation
⋆   Symbol
Nuclear  
Symbol for Chlorine = Cl
⋆ Chlorine – 35
Chlorine – 35
where
or Cl – 35 ⋆ Cl – 35
⋆ A = mass number.
= Protons + Neutrons No. Of Protons in Cl = 17
⋆ Z = atomic number Atomic No. Z = 17
= Protons Atomic mass, A = 35
⋆ X = Element
No.of Neutrons, n = A – Z
No.Neutrons in Cl = 35 –
17
n = 18
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 ⋆   Symbol
Nuclear
Most Common Types of Nuclear Reactions
with Illustrative4Examples
⋆ Alpha
  decay : loss of an alpha particle2  𝛼
( )
Ex. alpha decay of Polonium – 210
 
+
⋆ Beta decay : loss of beta particle ()
Ex. Beta decay of carbon –14
 
 +
⋆ Gamma radiation : emission of gamma ray ()
Ex. Gamma radiation in alpha decay of Uranium –
238  
 +
  (alpha decay)
 + 29
 𝐴
𝑍 𝑋 Most Common Types of Nuclear Reactions with Examples
⋆ Positron
  emission : conversion of a proton in a nucleus into a neutron, along
with the release of a positron ()
Ex. Positron emission of oxygen – 15
+  
⋆ Electron capture : drawing of an electron () into an atom’s nucleus
Ex. Electron capture of mercury – 201
 
+ 
⋆ Bombardment of alpha particle : addition of alpha () particle
Ex. Bombardment of Berrylium – 9 with an alpha particle
 
+  +
NOTE: Other subatomic particles involved in nuclear reactions are the proton () and the neutron )

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 Evidences that the Big Bang
Really Occur
1. Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
(CMBR)
2. Abundance of Light Elements in the Universe
3. Galaxies moving away from each other (Redshift)

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32
Redshift
 Edwin Hubble
He observed that many stars and galaxies shine with
light shifted toward the red end of the visible spectrum, a
phenomenon known as the red shift.

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 Redshift
⋆ occurs because the light waves of cosmic
bodies are stretched into low-frequency red
waves as they move away from an observer on
Earth
⋆ This observation developed into the Hubble’s
Law

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 Hubble’s Law
⋆ Hubble’s law also known as Hubble–Lemaître Law is an
observation in physical cosmology that galaxies are
moving away from the Earth at speeds proportional to
their distance; a relationship between distance and radial
velocity among extra-galactic nebulae.
⋆ The Law states that “the farther they are the
faster they are moving away from Earth.”

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Source: Youtube
56
How many protons are there in a neutral atom of
Fe
26 56 How many protons are there in a neutral atom of
Fe
26 ?
?
Performance Task : (Answer in your notebook, take picture, And send to our
gc). Due Wednesday, on or before 11:59 PM
⋆ 1. When did the elements start to exist?
⋆ 2. What are the Big bang elements.
⋆ 3. Concisely discuss how the big bang happened.
⋆ 4. Differentiate Cosmic rays from Cosmic ray spallation
⋆ 5. What are the radioactive particles from the big bang?
⋆ 6. Give the first three isotopes of hydrogen and their symbols.
⋆ 7. What is a redshift? 8. Who isEdwin Hubble? 9. State the Hubble’s law.
⋆ 10. In a neutral atom of carbon-14, solve for its number of a) protons? b)
electrons?
⋆ c) neutrons? d) What is its atomic number? e ) What is its atomic mass?
⋆ e) Write the equation if it releases alpha particles( 3 points)
⋆ f) Write the equation if it releases
37 beta particles (3 points)
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