Physical vs.

Chemical Change
Chemical change is any change that results in the formation of new chemical substances. At the
molecular level, chemical change involves making or breaking of bonds between atoms. These
changes are chemical:
iron rusting (iron oxide forms)
gasoline burning (water vapor and carbon dioxide form)
eggs cooking (fluid protein molecules uncoil and crosslink to form a network)
bread rising (yeast converts carbohydrates into carbon dioxide gas)
milk souring (sour-tasting lactic acid is produced)
suntanning (vitamin D and melanin is produced)
Physical change rearranges molecules but doesn't affect their internal structures. Some examples
of physical change are:
whipping egg whites (air is forced into the fluid, but no new substance is
produced)
magnetizing a compass needle (there is realignment of groups ("domains") of iron
atoms, but no real change within the iron atoms themselves).
boiling water (water molecules are forced away from each other when the liquid
changes to vapor, but the molecules are still H2O.)
dissolving sugar in water (sugar molecules are dispersed within the water, but the
individual sugar molecules are unchanged.)
dicing potatoes (cutting usually separates molecules without changing them.)

Physical vs. Chemical Properties

Answer: A physical property is an aspect of matter that can be observed or measured without
changing it. Examples of physical properties include color, molecular weight and volume.

A chemical property may only be observed by changing the chemical identity of a substance.
This property measures the potential for undergoing a chemical change. Examples of chemical
properties include reactivity, flammability and oxidation states.

Scientists
Democritus- suggested that all matter was made of tiny particles called atoms
Boyle - suggested all elements are mode of the same type of atoms
Dalton - Atomic Theory w/ several postulates about atoms and compounds
JJ Thompson - Plum pudding Model performed cathode ray tube experiment
Rutherford - Gold Foil Experiment - suggests most of an atom is empty space
Bohr - Planetary model of the atom
How to determine number of protons, neutrons, and electrons

Step 2 - The Number of Protons is...

The atomic number is the number of protons in an atom of an element. In
our example, krypton's atomic number is 36. This tells us that an atom of
krypton has 36 protons in its nucleus.

Step 3 - The Number of Electrons is...

By definition, atoms have no overall electrical charge. That means that there
must be a balance between the positively charged protons and the negatively
charged electrons. Atoms must have equal numbers of protons and electrons.
In our example, an atom of krypton must contain 36 electrons since it contains
36 protons.
An atom can gain or lose electrons, becoming what is known as an ion. An
ion is nothing more than an electrically charged atom.
For example, removing an electron from an atom of krypton forms a krypton
ion, which is usually written as Kr+. It is positively charged because a
negatively charged electron was removed from the atom. The 35 remaining
electrons were outnumbered by the 36 positively charged protons, resulting in a
charge of +1.

Step 4 - The Number of Neutrons is...

The atomic weight is basically a measurement of the total number of
particles in an atom's nucleus.. Happily, to find the mass number, all you need
to do is round the atomic weight to the nearest whole number. In our
example, krypton's mass number is 84 since its atomic weight, 83.80, rounds up
to 84.
The mass number is a count of the number of particles in an atom's nucleus.
Remember that the nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons. So, if we want,
we can write:

84 = 36 + (Number of Neutrons)

What number added to 36 makes 84? Hopefully, you said 48. That is the
number of neutrons in an atom of krypton.
Isotopes - same element, different # of neutrons (Atomic Mass is average of all isotopes of an
element)

Radiation
Beta emits 0-1e
Alpha emits a 42He
Gamma emits energy y

Study the groups

Period - row
Group/Family - columns

Diatomic elements - Bromine, Iodine,Nitrogen, Chlorine, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Fluorine.

Ways to remember them are: BrINClHOF and Have No Fear Of Ice Cold Beer.

Ionic vs. Covalent bonds

There is a couple different ways to determine if a bond is ionic or covalent. By definition, an
ionic bond is between a metal and a nonmetal, and a covalent bond is between 2 nonmetals. So
you usually just look at the periodic table and determine whether your compound is made of a
metal/nonmetal or is just 2 nonmetals.

Naming Covalent Compounds

Prefix - Name of first element + prefix - root of the second element -ide
Mono for first unnecessary

Naming ionic Compounds

- First element - root of second - ide
- Name of first element - name of polyatomic ion
- Name of the first polyatomic ion - name of second polyatomic ion

How to determine covalent or ionic

- Covalent is nonmetal and nonmetal
- Ionic is metal and nonmetal

Covalent bonds have prefixes before the element

1. Mono (can be ignored on the first element)
2. Di
3. Tri
4. Tetra
5. Penta
6. Hexa
7. Hepta
8. Octa
9. Nona
10. Deca
C2H6 - Dicarbon Heptahydride
CO2 - Carbon Dioxide

If there are more than 2 elements, there is a polyatomic ion.

1. Write the name of the cation

2. Does the cation have more than one possible charge, if so put the charge in
parenthesis
3. Write the anion with the ending ide (if it is polyatomic write name as it is on the
chart)

SnS2- Tin (IV) Sulfide

Manganese (IV) Sulfide - Mn S2

RULE 1. Zeros in the middle of a number are like any other digit; they are always significant.
RULE 2. Zeros at the beginning of a number are not significant; they act only to locate the
decimal point.
RULE 3. Zeros at the end of a number when there is a decimal point are sig w/o not
RULE 1. In carrying out a multiplication or division, the answer cannot have more significant
figures than either of the original numbers.
RULE 2. In carrying out an addition or subtraction, the answer cannot have more digits after
the decimal point than either of the original numbers.