Makinde Amele B2

Leslye Lopez
Giselle Escobar

Chapter 3 Final Exam Cram Sheet

3.1 (The Atom: From Philosophical Idea to Scientific Theory)
● Democritus: an early philosopher who supported particle theory. He called nature’s basic particle
an “atom”, derived from the Greek word “atomos” meaning indivisible
● The 1790s:
a. Law of Conservation of Mass: states that mass is neither created nor destroyed during
ordinary chemical reactions or physical changes
b. Law of Definite Proportions: chemical compounds contain the same elements in the same
proportions by mass regardless of the size of the sample or source of the compound
■ Ex: Table Salt (Sodium Chloride)
● Sodium (Na): 39.94%
● Chlorine (Cl): 60.66%
c. Law of Multiple Proportions: if two or more different compounds are composed of the
same two elements, then the ratio of the masses of the second element combined with a
certain number of the first element is always a ratio of small whole numbers
■ Ex:
● CO -> 2.66 g of Oxygen + 1.00 g of Carbon
● CO2 -> 1.33 g of Oxygen + 1.00 g of Carbon
● John Dalton’s Atomic Theory:
1. All matter is composed of atoms
2. Atoms of an element are identical in size, mass, and other properties; atoms of different
elements differ
3. Atoms cannot be created, destroyed, or subdivided (later disproved)
4. Atoms of different elements combine in simple whole-number ratios to form chemical
compounds
5. In chemical reactions, atoms are combined, separated, or rearranged

3.2 (The Structure of the Atom)

● Atom: smallest particle of an element that retains the chemical properties of that element
○ Consists of the nucleus (protons and neutrons) and electrons
Discovery of Subatomic Particles (the 1800s)
● Cathode Ray Tubes (CRT)
○ When a current was passed through the tube, the surface of the tube directly opposite
the cathode glowed
○ Observations led to the hypothesis that the particles that compose cathode rays are
negatively charged.
○ J.J. Thomson concluded that all cathode rays must be composed of identical negatively
charged particles: electrons
■ Thomson also developed the Plum Pudding Model, in which electrons were
embedded in the positively charged nucleus. This model was later disproved but it
represents a progression in atomic research.
○ 1909: Robert A. Millikan measured the charge of the electron
■ Scientists used this information and the charge to mass ratio of the electron to
determine that the mass of the electron is about 1/2000th the mass of the
simplest type of hydrogen atom
○ 1911: Ernest Rutherford discovered the nucleus
■ Bombarded gold foil with alpha particles (positively charged particles with 4
times the mass of a hydrogen atom)
■ 1/8000 particles were deflected back towards the source
■ Nuclear forces: short-range proton-proton, proton-neutron, neutron-neutron
forces holding the nuclear particles together
Makinde Amele B2
Leslye Lopez
Giselle Escobar

Particle Symbols Relative Electric Charge Mass Number

Electron: negatively e- -1 0
charged particle

Proton: positively p+ +1 1
charged particle

Neutron: neutrally n0 0 1
charged

3.3 (Counting Atoms)

1. All atoms of an element must have the same number of protons but not neutrons
○ Atomic number (z): the number of protons in each atom of an element
○ Exs:
i. Lithium (3), Carbon (6), Magnesium (12)
○ Isotopes: Atoms of the same element that have different masses.
○ Ex: Hydrogen Isotopes
i. Protium: 1 proton, 0 neutrons
ii. Deuterium: 1 proton, 1 neutron
iii. Tritium: 1 proton, 2 neutrons
○ Mass Number: the total number of protons and neutrons that make up the
nucleus of an isotope

Atomic Number Number of Neutrons Mass Number (proton+

neutrons)

Protium 1 0 1+0=1

Deuterium 1 1 1+1=2

Tritium 1 2 1+2=3

There are 2 METHODS for specifying isotopes:

- Hyphen Notation:
- Tritium → hydrogen-3 (element name- mass number)
- Nuclear Symbol:
- 235/92 U (mass number/atomic number, element symbol)
2. Atomic mass is a relative measure
● Unified atomic mass unit: exactly 1/12th the mass of carbon-12 atom
3. Average atomic mass
● The weighted average of the atomic masses of the naturally occurring isotopes of an element.
○ Ex:
○ 69.15% copper-63 (62.929601 u)
○ 30.85% copper-65% (64.927794 u)
0.6915 x 62.929601 u + 03085 x 64.927794 u = 63.55 u

A mole is the amount of a substance that contains as many particles as there are atoms in exactly 12 g of
carbon-12.
Avogadro’s number - 6.02 x 1023 - the number of particles in exactly one mole of a pure substance