PHYSICAL SCIENCES

(CORE SUBJECT) Grade 12

GENERAL PHYSICS 1 | Ma'am Anj

 CHAPTER 1 : THE UNIVERSE
(Matter and Materials)
Physical Sciences Virtual Class
Grade 12 │ Instructor: Angelica T. Opeña
 01 Explain the Big Bang Theory;
02 Explain stellar nucleosynthesis;
03 Describe the different stages of
life cycle of stars;
LEARNING 04 Describe how elements formed
during stellar nucleosynthesis and
TARGETS evolution; and
05 Describe the early concepts of
atom.
Physical Sciences Virtual Class
Grade 12 │ Instructor: Angelica T. Opeña
Totality of all matter, energy, and space.

A star at the center of the Solar System.

Star

Formation of elements in the center of

the star.
Giant assemblages of stars. Our Sun is
one star among the billions in the Milky
Way Galaxy.

Deals with the structure and evolution

of the universe.
Concentrations of cool, dense clouds of
gases and dust.
The big bang is how astronomers explain the way the
universe began. It is the idea that the universe began as just
a single point, then expanded and stretched to grow as large
as it is right now—and it is still stretching!
❏ Russian mathematician Aleksandr Friedmann (1922)
and Belgian astronomer Georges Lemaître (1927)
❏ Between 13 billion and 15 billion years ago, all the
matter found in the universe today was found in a
small space, a tiny contact point.
❏ Adherents of the Big Bang Theory believed that, from
this small but extremely dense ball of matter/energy,
expansion came about after an explosion.
Energy in the universe was great enough to initiate nuclear
fusion, and hydrogen nuclei were fused into helium nuclei.
The Sun's energy is generated from the fusion of hydrogen
nuclei to form helium nuclei.
Dense clumps of matter held close together by gravity were
spread around. Eventually, these clumps formed countless
trillions of stars, billions of galaxies.
Stars are born in a cloud of gas and dust called a nebula.
❏ A star's life cycle is
determined by its mass.
The larger its mass, the
shorter its life cycle or the
faster it moves through its
life cycle.
❏ A low-mass star, such as
our Sun, will remain on
the main sequence for 10
billion years.
❏ The red-giant phase
moves off the main
sequence.
When high-mass stars moves off the main sequence they
become red supergiants and eventually explode as Type II
supernovae. Much of the material is scattered into space
leaving behind a neutron star or black hole.
Note that some
stars do not fall
along the main
sequence.
❏ Our Sun falls close to the
middle of the main
sequence and is a class G
star.
❏ The majority of stars are
small, cool, class M stars,
also called red dwarfs.
❏ Red giants – very large
stars that are cool, yet still
very bright.
❏ White dwarfs – stars that
are very hot, yet are dim
due to their small size.
❏ The temperature at the central core of the Sun is 15 million
K and the density is 150 g/cm3.
❏ In the Sun and other similar stars the nuclear fusion takes
place as a three step process called the proton-proton
chain.
❏ Most stars are part of a binary system or multiple-star
system, unlike our Sun that is a single star.
In the very beginning,
both space and time
were created.
The universe was
dominated by radiation.
Soon, quarks combined
together to form baryons
(protons and
neutrons).
Hydrogen, helium,
lithium, and beryllium
were produced.
The building up of
heavier nuclei.
❏ Human Body =
65% oxygen & 18% carbon
❏ Earth’s Crust =
47% oxygen & 27% silicon
❏ Earth’s Core =
85% iron & 15% nickel
❏ Earth’s Atmosphere =
78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen,
& about 1% argon
❏ Mendeleev
In 1869, he published the
original periodic table.
❏ Groups/Families
The vertical columns of
elements in the periodic
table
❏ Periods
The horizontal rows of
elements in the periodic
table
Representative Elements

Transitional Elements

Inner Transition Elements

 CHAPTER 1 : THE UNIVERSE
(Matter and Materials)
Physical Sciences Virtual Class
Grade 12 │ Instructor: Angelica T. Opeña
 01 Describe the subatomic particles;

02 Identify the number of protons,

electrons, neutrons, mass number
LEARNING and atomic number in a given
isotope; and
TARGETS
03 Describe the early concepts of
atom.
Physical Sciences Virtual Class
Grade 12 │ Instructor: Angelica T. Opeña
 -

+ PROTONS positive charge (+)

+ +
- NEUTRONS no electrical charge

- ELECTRONS negative electrical charge (-)

 Atomic Number

The atomic number (Z) determine the identity of an

element.
It is the number of protons in the nucleus

Atoms are neutral, so it’s also the number of electrons.

Therefore, Atomic No. of No. of

Number
= =
Protons Electrons
+ -
Z p e
 Atomic Number

Elemental
symbol
Atomic number
(number of protons
and number of
electrons)
 Atomic Number

EXAMPLE 1:
??
46 Pd
46
Atomic Number:______
46
No. of Protons:_______
46
No. of Electrons:_______
 Mass Number
The mass number (A) is Mass number
the total number of protons (number of protons +
and neutrons. neutrons)

Protons and neutrons Elemental

symbol
are collectively referred
to as nucleons.
Atomic number
(number of protons
and number of
electrons)
 Mass Number

EXAMPLE 1:
Mass number
(7)

7
3 Li Element
(Lithium)
Atomic number
(3)
 Mass Number

Therefore, No. of No. of Mass

+ Neutrons
= number
Protons
+ 0
p + n = A
Rewriting the
formula, we have: -
Mass
number
No. of
Protons
= No. of
Neutrons

A - p +
= n 0
 ISOTOPES
Most elements have two or more isotopes, atoms that have the
same atomic number (Z) but different mass numbers (A).

1 proton 1 proton 1 proton

0 neutrons 1 neutron 2 neutrons
Scientist: ARISTOTLE
– all matter flows continuously and is composed
of 4 elements ( fire, air, earth and water )

Scientist: DEMOCRITUS
– ancient Greek who is known for championing
the concept of atom
Scientist: DEMOCRITUS
– ancient Greek who is known for
championing the concept of atom
– he was the first person to use the term
atom (atomos: meaning indivisible).
Scientist: DEMOCRITUS
THEORY
● All matter consists of atoms, which are bits of matter too small to be
seen.
● There is an empty space between atoms.
● Atoms are completely solid.
● Atoms have no internal structure.
● Each atom (of a different substance) is different in size, weight and
shape.
Scientist: DALTON (1800’s)
THEORY
● All matter consists of tiny particles called
atoms.
● Atoms are indestructible and unchangeable.
● Elements are characterized by the weight of their
atoms.
● When elements react, it is their atoms that have
combined to form new compounds.
Scientist: DALTON (1800’s)
Dalton’s Model – “The Billiard Ball Model”

– this pictured the atom as a tiny

indivisible, uniformly dense, solid sphere.
Scientist: THOMSON (1890’s)

– discovered negatively charged electrons

(1897), this pictured the atom as a tiny
indivisible, uniformly dense, solid sphere.
– he used his research on cathode ray
tube technology in this discovery.
Scientist: THOMSON (1890’s)
“Plum Pudding Model”
– he was able to predict the mass of the
electron (-)
– this negative charge (he called
corpuscles) later became known as the
electron.
Scientist: RUTHERFORD (1910’s)
“Planetary Model of Atom”
– he discovered the nucleus through his
famous Gold Foil Experiment
– he stated that the atom was like a
mini solar system and that the
electrons orbited the nucleus in a wide
orbit.
Scientist: BOHR (1910’s)
“Rutherford-Bohr Model”
– he said electrons were in orbits or
energy levels around the nucleus.
– focused his attention on the
element hydrogen because it had
the simplest atom.
Scientist: BOHR (1910’s)
“Rutherford-Bohr Model”
– the energy that an electron has is based
on its location around the nucleus.
(Electrons that are closer to the nucleus
have less energy than those that are
farther away from the nucleus).
 ASSIGNMENT

Have an advance reading on the

following topics:

● INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
● PROPERTIES OF MATTER
● CATALYST AND CHEMICAL CHANGE
Phone number
09452572380

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Anj Opeña
Email address
angelicaopena7@gmail.com

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