1.

1 Atoms and Molecules

By : Mrs. Wan Syafinas Binti Wan Salim

UNIT KIMIA
KOLEJ MATRIKULASI KEJURUTERAAN KEDAH
(KMKK)
Learning Outcomes
a) Write isotopic notation.
b) Interpret mass spectrum.
c) Calculate the average atomic mass of an element given the
relative abundances of isotopes or a mass spectrum.
*include calculation on relative atomic mass based on C-12
 Proton
Number, Z
Proton
Nucleon
Electron Subatomic Particles Isotope Number, A
Neutron
Isotope
notation
1.1 Atoms &
Molecules
Relative
abundance
of isotopes
C-12 scale Ar, Mr Average atomic mass
Mass
spectrum
Matter

• Anything that occupies space and has mass.

e.g; air, water, animals, trees, atoms, …..

• Matter may consists of atoms, moleculesor ions.

Three states of matter.

Solid Liquid Gas

Atom
• An atom is the smallest / basic unit
of a chemical element/compound.
• Example: Na, Li ,Ne
Molecule
 A unit consist of two or more atoms
that are chemically bonded together
 There are two types;
 diatomic molecule : Cl2, F2, HCl, O2
 polyatomic molecule : H2O, CO3
Element
 A substance that cannot be
separated into simpler substances
by chemical means.
 Element consist of only one kind of atom.
 Element can exist as atom or molecule.
Example: Na, Li, F2, Ne, Cl2
Atoms of an
element

Molecules of an
element

Molecules of a
compound

Mixture of elements
and a compound
Categorize the followings:
F2 , NaSO4 , O2 , CO, Li, and CO2 as;
Categorize the followings:
F2 , NaSO4 , O2 , CO, Li, and CO2 as;

ATOM : Li
MOLECULE : F2 , NaSO4 , O2 , CO, CO2
ELEMENT : Li, F2 , O2
COMPOUNDS : NaSO4 , CO, CO2
An atom is made up,
• Proton (p )
+
Packed in a small nucleus
• Neutron (n )o

• Electron (e )
–
e-

Atom is
electrically
neutral
 A “cloud” of rapidly moving, negatively charge electrons
occupies virtually all the atomic volume and surrounds the
tiny, central nucleus
 Particle Mass Charge Charge
(gram) (Coulum) (Unit)
Electron (e) 9.10 x 10 -28 -1.6 x 10 -19
-1

Proton (p) 1.67 x 10 -24

+1.6 x 10-19 +1

Neutron (n) 1.67 x 10-24

0 0

Note : Describe subatomic particles in terms of the relative mass and relative charge.
 What is proton number?

Elements are arranged in the

order of proton number
in the periodic table
Also known as atomic number
Number of protons in the nucleus of each atom.
In neutral atom,
number of protons = number of electrons
EXAMPLE:

1 1
8 8
11 11
18 18
 Also known as mass number
Total number of protons and neutrons present in the
nucleus of an atom.
Nucleon number = Proton Number + Number of Neutrons
(A) (Z) (N)
e-

EXAMPLE:

A = 13 A = 90 A = 61
Are atoms of the same element , having the same number
of protons in their nucleus but different number of
neutrons.
EXAMPLE: 1
1 H 2H
1
3H
1
235
92 U 238
92 U
Therefore, isotopes of an element:
have same proton number
have different number of neutrons
 A
Z

• An atom can be represented by an isotope notation

( atomic symbol )

A = Nucleon Number of X
= Z+n
Z = Proton Number of X
= p

Note : X can be atom or ion

 A
Z

EXAMPLE: 35
17 Cl
Number of protons = proton number (Z) = 17
Number of electrons = 17
Number of neutrons = 18
Nucleon number (A)
= number of protons + number of neutrons
= 17 + 18
= 35
Write the Z X notation for each atomic depiction:
A
Write the Z X notation for each atomic depiction:
A

Z=6 Z = 40 Z = 28
A = 6 + 7 = 13 A = 40 + 50 = 90 A = 28 + 33 = 61
13 90 61
6 C 40Zr 28 Ni
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in:

14
(a) 6 C

11
(b) 6 C
Element proton(p) neutron(n) electron(e)
14
6 C 6 14 – 6 = 8 6

11
6 C 6 11 – 6 = 5 6
 Atom or group of atoms that has positive or negative charge.

Cation Anion
a positive charge ion formed a negative charge ion
when a neutral atom loses formed when a neutral
an electron(s). atom gains an electron(s).

Na Na+ Cl Cl-

11 protons 11 protons 17 protons 17 protons

11 electrons 10 electrons 17 electrons 18 electrons
Give the number of protons and electrons in
each of the following common ions:

K,
+ Mg ,
2+ Fe ,
3+ Br ,
– Mn ,
2+ C ,
4– Cu 2+

(Refer to the periodic table for the atomic number)

Write the appropriate notation for each of the following
nuclide :
 4
2 A
3
1 B
2
1 C
14
7 D
Technique used to determined relative atomic
mass and the relative abundance of isotopes
Different atoms / isotopes
/ molecules can be
identified by their
characteristic pattern of
lines (peak)
A device used to determined :
Relative atomic mass
Relative Molecular mass
Relative Isotopic mass
Structural formula of
compound
① vaporization chamber ④ magnetic field

⑤ ion detector

② ionization chamber ③ accelerating chamber

Intensity of peaks
20
10
Ne (90.2%)

22
Ne (8.82%)
10
21
Ne (0.26%)
10

19 20 21 22 Atomic mass (amu)

Note: relative intensity = relative abundance

 The line of mass spectrum shows
Relative abundance

Mg consists of three isotopes:

24 Mg, 25 Mg and 26 Mg.

63
The height of each line is
proportional to the abundance of
9.1
each isotope.
8.1
24 Mg is the most abundant of
24 25 26 m/e (amu) the three isotopes
Mass of the atom in atomic mass unit (amu)
Also called atomic weight unit: amu = u
Modern atomic mass standard is the C–12 atom
Mass one C–12 atom = 12 amu
1
1 amu = 12 x mass of one C–12 atom
1.99 X 10–23 g
= 1.66054 x 10 g
–24
The average of mass of its naturally occurring isotopes
weighted according to their abundances

Average atomic mass = ∑Qi x Mi

∑Qi
 EXAMPLE: Natural lithium is: 7.42% (6.015 amu)
6Li

92.58% Li (7.016 amu)

7

Average atomic mass = ∑ relative abundance of isotope x mass of isotope

∑ relative abundance of isotope

= (7.42% x 6.015 amu) + (92.58% x 7.016 amu)

100%

= 6.941 amu
Average atomic mass (6.941)
 A mass of one atom of an element compared to 1/12 mass
of one atom of C with the mass 12.000
12

EXAMPLE: Atomic mass of Mg = 24 amu

Relative atomic mass of Mg = 24 amu
1/12 x 12 amu
= 24
 Determine the relative atomic mass of an
element Y if the ratio of the atomic mass of Y
to carbon-12 atom is 0.45.
Ar (Y) : Ar (Carbon-12)= 0.45 : 1

Ar (Y) = 0.45 x Ar (carbon-12)

= 0.45 x 12
= 5.4
Atomic mass = relative atomic mass (Ar)
 Q i M i
Ar 
Q i
• Q = the relative abundance / percentage abundance
of an isotope of the element
• M = the relative isotopic mass of the element
 Fig 1.1 shows the mass
Relative abundance

spectrum of the element

rubidium, Rb;
18
(a) What isotopes are present
7
in Rb?
85 87 m/e (amu)
(b) What is the percentage
abundance of each
isotope?
(a) What isotopes are present
in Rb? 85Rb and 87Rb

(b) What is the percentage abundance of each isotope?

% abundance 85Rb = 18 x 100

25
= 72 %

% abundance 87Rb = 7 x 100

25
= 28 %
(c) Calculate the relative atomic mass of Rb.
 QiMi
Average mass of Rb 
Qi
(18x85)  (7 x87)

25
 85.56 amu
85.56 amu
A r of Rb 
1 x12.00 amu
12
 85.56
Assume that,
% abundance of Li =
6 X%
% abundance of Li =
7 (100 - x) %

Ar Li = ∑QiMi
∑Qi
6.94 = X (6.01) + (100 – X) 7.02
X + 100 – X
6.94 = 6.01 X + 702 – 7.02 X
100
694 - 702 = -1.01 X
+8 = +1.01 X
X = 7.92 %

So, % abundance of6Li = 7.92 %

And % abundance of 7Li = 92.08 %
 Naturally occurring chlorine is a mixture of two
isotopes. In every sample of this element 75.77 %
of the atoms are Cl and 24.23 % are atoms of
35
37Cl. The accurately measured atomic mass of 35Cl
is 34.9689amu and that of Cl is 36.9659 amu.
37

From these data, find the average atomic mass of

chlorine.
Average atomic = % of35Cl x atomic mass of
35Cl
mass of chlorine: + % of Cl x atomic mass of Cl
37 37

= 75.77 x 34.9689 amu + 24.23 x 36.9659 amu

100 100
= 35.45 amu
 An iron nail is composed of four isotopes with
Percentage abundance and atomic masses given in
the table below.

Calculate the average atomic mass of iron.

Average atomic = % of Fe x atomic mass of Fe
54 54
mass of iron + % of Fe x atomic mass of Fe
56 56
+ % of Fe x atomic mass of Fe
57 57
+ % of Fe x atomic mass of Fe
58 58

5.80 91.72
= 100 x 53.9396 amu + 100 x 55.9349 amu
2.20 0.28
+ 100 x 56.9354 amu + 100 x 57.9333 amu

= 55.85 amu
Naturally occurring iridium, Ir is composed of 2
isotopes Ir and Ir in the ratio of 5 : 8. The
191 193
relative mass of Ir and Ir are 191.021 and
191 193
193.025 respectively. Calculate the relative
atomic mass of iridium.

ANS: 192.254
A mass of one molecule of a compound compared to 1/12
mass of one atom of C with the mass 12.000
12

Relative molecular = Mass of one molecule of compound

mass, Mr 1/12 X mass of one atom of C
12

The relative molecular mass of a compound is the summation

of the relative atomic masses of all atoms in a molecular
formula.
Calculate the relative molecular mass of H2O,
• Ar H = 1.01
• Ar O = 16.0

Mr of H2O = 2 (Ar of H) + 1 (Ar of O)

= 2 (1.01) + 1 (16.00)
= 18.02
Calculate the relative molecular mass of C5H5N,
• Ar C = 12.01
• Ar H = 1.01
• Ar N = 14.01

Mr of C5H5N = 5 (Ar of C) + 5 (Ar of H) + Ar of N

= 5 (12.01) + 5 (1.01) + 14.01
= 60.05 + 5.05 + 14.01
= 79.11
 Calculate the relative molecular mass of C12H22O11,
• Ar C = 12.01
• Ar H = 1.01
• Ar O = 16.0

Mr of C12H22O11 = 12 (Ar of C) + 22 (Ar of H) + 11 (Ar of O)

= 12 (12.01) + 22 (1.01) + 11 (16.00)
= 342.34
Atomic mass = relative atomic mass (Ar)